The Impact Of Neurobiology On A Person s Behaviors And...

Understanding Neurobiology As a social worker, it is important to be aware of neurobiology of the brain. A persons thoughts and actions can best be explained by neurobiology. Social workers work daily with people who seek therapy to address thoughts and actions that occur in their everyday life. In order to provide best practice, it is important to have understanding of how neurobiology plays a role in the development of a person’s behaviors and thought processes. Four aspects of brain development that are particularly important for a social worker to be aware of are affect regulation, implicit memory, attachment style, and co-construction of the social brain. A vignette about a 22 year old mother named Isabel and her 4 year old son named†¦show more content†¦It is through the earliest interaction between an infant and the caregiver that an individual’s affect regulation begins to be generated. The mutual affect regulation displayed by the caregiver and the inf ant allows the infant to learn and internalize how to regulate intense emotions. An infant’s brain structure and function becomes implicitly embedded with the modes of early affect regulation through the neuronal structures that allows the individual to have appropriate modes of relating throughout life (Applegate Shapiro, 2005). The goal of affect regulation is to increase the positive affects and decrease the negative affects. A mechanism in the brain that has contributed to the creation of Javier’s behaviors would be the limbic system. The limbic system is considered to be the center of emotion (Applegate Shapiro, 2005). The three key regions of this system are the orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate, and the amygdala. The amygdala is a part of the brain that is considered to be important to affect regulation. The amygdala is utilized to identify, understand, and interpret emotions. It plays a role in the automatic, rapid, and early detection of affect (LeDoux, 2000). It is considered to be important in regulating emotion and guiding emotion-related behaviors. Javier appears to have struggled with developing appropriate affect regulation due to the

Shelley Brough Free Essays

Shelley R. Brough CDA-Competency Statement #1: February 9,2013 To Establish and Maintain a Safe, Healthy Learning Environment Functional Area #1: Safe My goal in the functional area of safe is to provide a safe indoor and outdoor environment. Young infants are placed on their backs when they are sleeping. We will write a custom essay sample on Shelley Brough or any similar topic only for you Order Now The crib is free of blankets, toys, or other soft materials that could cause suffocation. Mobile infants are kept safe by making sure that there isn’t anything that is small enough they could put in their mouths and swallow. Toys are checked daily for broken or loose parts. Toddlers are kept safe by showing them the proper use of toys. They are encouraged to follow safety rules such as walking instead of running and sitting on a chair instead of climbing on it. As a child care provider I always have to check toys and playground equipment for any damages that may injury the children in my care, not only do I have to check toys and equipment I must check under toys outside for any creatures that may harm any of the children in my care. I am always giving gentle reminders of the rules that will keep them safe. Functional Area #2: Healthy My goal in the functional area of healthy is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Young infants are kept healthy by washing hands of both the caregiver and the child before and after every diaper change as well as sanitizing the changing table. Disposable gloves are used for the diapering process. Mobile infants are kept healthy by cleaning and sanitizing play areas daily. Mouthed toys are immediately removed from the play area for later cleaning. To keep toddlers healthy, nutritious meals are planned . Good eating habits are modeled and the child is encouraged to eat new foods. Parents of children in our care are to provide a clean blanket and mat cover each week. We teach the children that their blankets and pillows are for nap time only and we do not pull them out till it is nap time. Each child has their own cubby for personal items and everything is labeled. Functional Area #3: Learning Environment My goal in the functional area of learning environment is to provide a stimulating learning environment that promotes independence. Young infants are given the opportunity for tummy time to develop the strength to hold their heads up. Mobile infants are given the opportunity to explore their environment by creeping and crawling but do so under supervision. Toddlers’ learning environment includes creating a day to day routine for them as regular meal times, play times and rest times. This allows them to know what to expect. How to cite Shelley Brough, Essay examples

Net Present Value and Discussion Questions free essay sample

How is the primary market different from the secondary market? In your opinion, are these markets efficient? Why? †¢What are three primary roles of the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)? How does the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 augment the SEC’s role in managing financial governance? Do you think businesses became more ethical after Sarbanes-Oxley was passed? Provide examples to support your answer. †¢What ratios measure a corporation’s liquidity? What are some problems associated with using such ratios? How would the DuPont analysis overcome these problems? Week Two Discussion Questions †¢How do you define strategic planning? What are some differences between strategic and financial planning? What financial problems might an organization encounter when implementing a strategic plan? †¢What information is needed to prepare a cash budget? What is the relationship between an operating and a cash budget? Why is it important for an organization to prepare a cash budget †¢What is the break-even point? What decisions does the break-even point help an organization make? What actions might an underperforming organization take to reach the break-even point? How do you explain the use of time value of money (TVM) in business? What considerations are made when calculating TVM? How may you use TVM to create your own, or someone else’s, retirement plan? Week Three Discussion Questions †¢How do you define working capital? What may happen if an organization neglected to manage its working capital? What techniques do you recom mend for your organization? Why? †¢What is capital planning? Why is the internal rate of return important to an organization? Why is net present value important to a project? How do you select from multiple projects presented to your organization? What is a lease? Why would you choose to lease instead of buy a capital item? What steps would you follow to decide whether to lease or buy a computer system? Week Four Discussion Questions †¢What are main elements in calculating the cost of capital? How does an increase in debt affect it? How do you identify an organization’s optimal cost of capital? †¢What is meant by weighted average cost of capital (WACC)? What are some components of WACC? Why is WACC a more appropriate discount rate when doing capital budgeting? What is the effect on WACC when an organization raises long-term capital? What is an initial public offering (IPO)? How does an IPO allow an organization to grow financially? When is a merger or an acquisition, instead of an IPO, more appropriate? Week Five Discussion Questions †¢What is meant by foreign exchange risk? What specific problems does foreign exchange present in an organization? How may an organization that needs Euros in 6 months protec t itself from currency fluctuations? †¢What is globalization? Why has globalization become so important during the last 10 years? How will globalization change financial management in the future?

Market Value Concept from an Economic Perspective

Basically, political economy and in particular Marxian economics, the concept of exchange value is traditionally employed to define one of the core aspects of a commodity. Some of the correlated concepts are price, use value and value. This shows that a product has; a value, an exchange value, use value and a price.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Market Value Concept from an Economic Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These attributes have an extensive history ranging from the era of Aristotle all the way to the period of David Ricardo. However, the entry of Marx concepts tilted the earlier concepts of exchange value. From an economic perspective value is presented as the worth of either goods or services as set or determined by the existing markets. However, this observation does not hold the real formulation of what is in essence defined as value. For years economists as well as other social scientis ts have attempted to link and estimate the significance of value in relation to individual. Similarly, this approach has over the years been extended to both goods and services being exchanged. Hence, such approach saw the development of such dynamic concepts as value in exchange as well as value in use. Thus, examining the argument presented by Kalman Applbaum in the article â€Å"Pharmaceutical Marketing† the concept of value is correlated to marketing and branding. As the article asserts individuals are willing to pay higher prices for a brand than for a helpful product (Applbaum 0446). This concept is thus widely employed by pharmaceutical companies. The core objective of such approach is to create more earnings from a brand value than from the products. What this means is that brand value dictates what the greater society consumes. Equally, this same approach is well illustrated by the manner coca cola brand is marketed. Basically, the brand value seems to be more profou nd than the product itself. This indicates that value can be measured as the set price of the given products. However, in regard to the argument presented by neoclassical economists, the value of any product is correlated to its price in relation to the free and competitive market. And the value is thus determined by the demand of the product relative to the market supply. Examining the approach etched in the pharmaceutical industry it can be argued that the market demand surpass the supply and this has played a critical role in establishing what is in essence value. In relation to value in use as well as brand value, these firms have opted to embrace the concepts developed by neoclassical economists.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the elements of value are not linked to improving the innate consumption of humans but rather to attain the greatest profitable margin. Th e principal features which drive such an approach can be explained by the fact that brand value has over the years been used as the vehicle by corporations tied their hope (Applbaum 0447). Hence, this has resulted in a situation whereby brand value supersede the need for satisfying the innate needs of humans through provision of what anthropologists defines as human value. The scope of brand value is thus echoed by Robert J Foster in his article â€Å"The WORK OF THE NEW ECONOMY: Consumers, Brand, and Value Creation. The author observes that consumers tend to go for popular brands while the product manufacturers through elaborate marketing strategies exploit this window presented by brand value (Foster 708). Equally, this results in value creation which rests on brand value rather than on the product itself. Though, Foster seems to suggest that the creation of new values begins with innovation; it is evident that the natural flow of market demands creates values. Thus, in an econom ic perspective the intensity of value is compactly determined by price as well as the price attached to products whether goods or services. Another notable aspect examined by Foster revolves within the context of satisfying what is defined as surplus value. This concept is defined by Marxian theorists as a notion that attempts to define and explain market instability in regard to capitalism. Thus, this posits that human labor forms the foundation of economic value. Thus, exploring the argument presented in the article we find that the concept of surplus value is definitely less examined. This can be linked to the fact that modern corporations are more concerned in making profits rather than satisfying the market values. Hence, the creation of brand values which are becoming more potent than value in use. Comparing the explanations brought forward by both Foster and Applbaum it is evident that the concept of use value is less considered in the current society. This is elaborated in t he manner diverse organization are anchoring on massive marketing without examining the aspects of use-value which is in essence the qualitative characteristic of value, that is, the solid manner in which a product satisfy human needs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Market Value Concept from an Economic Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Perhaps that is why Graeber argues that when we are talking of use value we tend to think that we are dealing with definite attributes such as tons of, dozens of or meters of (442). Basically, he notes that use-value correlated to commodities becomes real when the given commodity or product is used or consumed. According to Graeber the concept of value is predominantly defined differently economists (443). To his observations the concept of value have been restricted to market theories which are designed to produce mathematical satisfaction in relation to allocating l imit resources while pursuing profits. In essence, the core argument in his article suggests that the concept of value is based on market convenience rather than on satisfying the human needs. Hence he attempts to draw a parallel between what the anthropologists think of values and what economists take as value. From such an observation we are brought to the same sentiments voiced by Foster and Applbaum, exchange value seems to be the determinant factor in regard to what is assumed to be all inclusive. Thus, the scope of neoclassical economy is brought as being the modern measure of value, this approach assumes that human approaches calls for allocation of available resources in pursuit of limited resources. Yet exploring the dynamics of use value, brand value as well as surplus value, this concept fails to satisfy the innate needs of man. What this demonstrates is that the diverse economic projections witnessed have evolved to be restricted to the available resources or markets wit hout exploring other regions of improving on value. As noted in the article â€Å"The Work of the New Economy† the diverse attributes of what is defined as value can be said to be tied to profits This is also established by the massive marketing investments which have overtaken the noble cause of production. It ought to be noted that marketing is essential in building brand value and this has gone to the limit of misleading the consumers who rarely identifies the use value of the given product or services.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Graeber, â€Å"Value† Foster, â€Å"The Work of the New Economy† Applbaum, â€Å"Pharmaceutical Marketing† have all accepted that the scope of value is money-priced. This seems to be due to the emerging market demands which are not fully satisfied. Hence, the dynamics of value are not treated as processes of enhancing social well being rather the concepts of value are left to the domain of traditional social scientists. Thus, it becomes difficult to establish in essence what the core purpose of value is in the growing neoclassical economy. In conclusion, it is evident that the scope of value is the most disputed feature in regard to political economics. This can be allied to the fact that the hypothesis of exchange which rests on the porch of science happens to be the bridge linking problems allied to economics to problems social in nature. And this happens to be the pointer of exiting from the theoretical manipulation affecting the whole sphere of human economy . More so, its conceptual nature makes an objective approach quite complex for all those who have ventured into exploring the aspects of value in regard to human economy. Thus, the concept of market values in regard to exchange values though essential presents a mountain of queries than answers. As established by Graeber the concept of value compactly left behind as the political economists are more concerned with developing attributes that are profit oriented in regard to labor, pricing and distribution. And this seems to be the foundation laid by those advocating for neoclassical economy, that is, capitalist markets. Works Cited Applbaum, Kalman.Pharmaceutical Marketing.Pls Medicine 3.4. (2006):0445-0447. Foster, J Robert. The work of new economy. Cultural Anthropology 22.4 (2007):709- 729. Graeber, David. Value: anthropological theories of value. A handbook of economic  Anthropology. Oxford: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005. This essay on Market Value Concept from an Economic Perspective was written and submitted by user Annabella K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Frederick Winslow Taylor essays

Frederick Winslow Taylor essays Taylor wrote about the inefficiencies in the management of unskilled workers, focusing on the steel industry in particular. He systematically identified the problems, which caused these inefficiencies to exist and then went about proposing a solution to make these operations run more efficiently. He coined these solutions his principles of scientific management; scientific management being the organization of a workforce that results in the maximum productivity from the workers. The first problem he addressed was the problem of soldiering. Soldiering is when workers would purposely work below their capacity for a variety of reasons. First, workers everywhere shared the belief that increasing their output would only create less of a demand for workers, which could potentially eliminate their job. Also workers often had no incentive to increase their output; if they worked harder they were still paid the same as if they had loafed on the job. There also was the fear that if they worked harder, they would set a new standard for the pace at which their job should be done, which was against the workers best interests. Pay incentives for workers who produced a larger quantity was a technique that failed because the workers wouldnt produce with the same quality that they previously had because they were more concerned with making a large quantity of goods in order to receive the pay incentives. Taylors solution to these problems was to create more direct i nteraction between supervisors and workers and have them observe what a good amount of work should be. Then the supervisor offers the worker the option of receiving more pay if he would work that way each and every day. Another problem Taylor discussed was the problem of poor organization and inefficient usage of time led to a productivity level far less than what could potentially be achieved. Taylor analyzed different methods of performing a certain t...

Artificial Intelligence in Business Applications

Artificial Intelligence in Business Applications Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Business functions that can/cannot be automated INTRODUCTION Computer systems today are a part of almost all businesses; this is because they provide us, along with the added use of the Internet, with a variety of means that made business operations easier, productivity higher, and communication processes faster. Computers and the programs (or the software applications that are installed on them) along with the robotic systems do a great amount of the tasks that were previously performed by the employees and/or workers themselves. This transformation, towards an automated work environment, saved businesses a lot of unwanted expenses, a lot of time, and caused profits to increase steadily. Computers substituted, in different business structures, classical machines and tools, such as the calculator, the fax, the telephone, the photocopier and many more. The automation of different business functions led many organisations and companies to a higher level in what concerns production and management. But the point that should be understood is that even though many processes and functions related to businesses and organisations have been automated, there are still many aspects that are not, or that cannot be, automated for a wide range of reasons. BUSINESS FUNCTIONS The main objective of any business is to achieve success. To be able to reach success, an organisation needs to have an effective structure because any entity depends exclusively on two factors which are management and use of information. An efficient use of information systems can allow an easier and faster access to data that are essential for the workflow and for the quality of that work and, therefore, can assist the management in performing its duties in the best possible manner and in making the right decisions at the right times. In order to achieve such objectives, specific business functions should be established and specific tasks should be performed. Every k ind of business and every organisation, depending on the nature of their operations, the products or services that are provided by them, their geographic location, and depending on the management and production schools that they relate to, have different business functions, but there are certain generic functions that apply to all kinds of businesses all over the world. These functions are usually general management, information management, operations management, marketing, finance and accounting, and human resources. Lan and Unhelkar (2005) identify the various generic business functions by stating that they are the function of Management and Administration which is the department whose tasks are to â€Å"corporate resources, corporate image, quality in all aspects, industrial relations, stakeholders relations, productivity, [and] promotion,† the function of Human Resources that should deal with â€Å"job analysis, position classification, employee training, employee select ion, employee auditing and promotion† in addition to other related tasks, the function of Finance and Accounts that is responsible for â€Å"the capital operations required by the entire enterprise activities†¦ the funds required by management, administration, sales, marketing, human resources, [and] purchasing,† the function of Purchase and Procurement, the function of Sales and Marketing, and the function of Customer Care or Customer Support.

Regression Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Regression Analysis - Research Paper Example It is an effective tool of mathematical analysis, which allows estimation and evaluation to the nearest proximity compared to the past. It also allows predicting a certain future value through comparison and combination of two or more variables. Usually, hypotheses are taken up for case estimation and evaluation which involve plotting of various variables dependent on the time factor. Regression models can be both linear and non linear in nature. Response variables are generated by the comparison of numerous variables that are involved in the computational process. Response variable is of quantitative nature and derived as result of other variables tested and compared amongst each other. Regression analysis is used for predicting certain event (mostly the dependent variable), its outcome in terms of numerical percentage and value in combination with other variables (independent) which might be elements of the present time (Seber & Lee, 2012). Equations are derived which contain both the dependent and independent variables, against some constant. Regression analysis equations are linear in nature. The function so obtained is a straight line, in form of linear equation. Often the natures of the dependent variables have direct impact on the kind of final linear equation being yielded. In case of the dependent variable being dichotomous, the logistic form of regression is handy in such cases for evaluation of the linear plots. When multiple independent variables are up against one dependent variable, it constitutes standard linear multiple regression (Hill & Lewicki, 2006). In such cases, the single dependent variable can be compared one on one against the respective independent variable. Numbers of variables are set against each other and each of them affects the other directly. For example in case of stock exchange the stability of and sound running of stocks are dependent on various external factors, which can include the economic condition, the security and saf ety, any major political decisions in the governmental corridors. Any unexpected decisions are ascribed to the rise or fall in the stocks value. In this case, the stock market is one variable which is dependent on number of variables that are aforementioned. Each of these variables, both dependent and independent are plotted against a graph with x-axis representation and y-axis along a straight linear line. Stocks standing = Stable Market, Political decisions, other variables plus a Constant. For any economic factor indication, the variables that can be taken in to account include the net flow of income at a particular instance of time, the dependent variables on the fixed amount, the surplus amount in form of the revenue generated and the possible depreciation of the capital. All these are equated and compared against each other in form of plot to estimate the future trends. Mostly, it involves number of variables being operated upon; however at a particular instance of time when o ne variable is under observation, it constitutes a simple regression analysis scenario. For example in case of an individual’s average spending against his profession, his resources, his requirements, all these alone make for attributes which are evaluated and analyzed for a certain desired future scenario through the regression tool of estimation. If for a given scenario, more number of

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Essay Example Names are vital representation of one’s self and therefore, it can be correctly assumed that people would like to have names which can be a catalyst to their personal and professional success. Korwitt’s target market is primarily the segment that strongly believes in nameology. People, who are going through tough times and continuously face obstacles in their personal and professional lives, are also hugely motivated to change their names for a brighter future. Thus, Korwitt’s business is focused towards the people who are superstitious and have strong inclination to embrace non traditional concepts to improve their current situation and resolve dilemma that may be detracting them from success in life. Although Korwitt’s business is unique in its perspective, she nevertheless faces challenges from the people who are into astrology. Some of the products, especially from far-east countries like India and China, which are believed to bring good tidings, are becoming increasingly popular amongst the western population and therefore, they can also be considered as threat to Korwitt’s

Emergency Response Plan Essay Example for Free

Emergency Response Plan Essay The rationale for an emergency response plan on a construction site is to have a well organized plan of action in place to be prepared to immediately respond to various types of emergencies. The environment of construction sites can change constantly which is why it’s important to plan carefully before projects begin and make adjustments if necessary. As our text states, preparation involves planning, practicing, evaluation and adjusting to specific circumstances (Goetsch, 2003). Proper preparation and response helps the situation to be quickly controlled and could prevent panic, decrease the possibility of injury, death and damage. The Emergency planning and community Right to Know Act provides information about hazardous chemicals available to a community where they are being used so residents can protect themselves in case of an emergency. The Emergency planning and community Right to Know Act has four components that include: emergency planning, emergency notification, toxic chemical release reporting and information requirements. There must be one person in charge and everyone involved must know that person is. There should be a designated person or people trained to administer first aid and first aid kits should be stocked and readily available. An emergency action plan (EAP) should include various plans for each anticipated emergency, that should include the following components: procedures, coordination, assignments and responsibilities, accident prevention strategies and schedules. They should be customized by location and should include a map, organizational chart, local coordination information and local training schedules. There should be an emergency response team (ERT) to handle general and localized emergencies, facilitate evacuations and shutdowns, protect and salvage company property and work with local authorities. There should also be a trauma response team (TRT) should consist of health and safety personnel who have had special training or credentialed counseling to help employees with what they have experienced after being involved in an emergency situation. TRTs are able to recognize symptoms of employees who need professional care and refer them to qualified care providers (Goetsch, 2003). Works Cited Goetsch, D. L. (2003). Construction Safety and Health. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson Ed,

Voting :: Politics Political

Voting Voting is when a group of people makes a decision on a subject that concerns them as a whole. In many countries, people vote to choose their leaders and to decide public issues. People also vote to make decisions in such groups as juries, labor unions, corporations, and social clubs. There are many different ways of voting and counting votes. No single voting method is either universally applicable or the best overall. Some major voting methods are majority rules, plurality wins, elimination and runoffs, sequential pairwise comparisons, various weighted or scoring schemes, approval voting, and a host of various other partitioning schemes that choose successively between subsets of potential outcomes. The three ways of counting votes are Plurality, Condorcet, and Borda count. In the Plurality method of voting, the candidate with the most votes wins. It is not necessary to have the majority. Strategic or insincere voting is not uncommon when a group knows the distribution of potential votes in advance. Lets say there are 3 choices to vote on, a, b, and c. If c knows that they have the least amount of votes, they will vote for the one that they definitely do not want to win. Group c does not want a to win so everyone votes for b so a doesn’t win over b. When everyone votes for exactly who they want to win, that is called sincere voting. In order to make sure that the ultimate decision receives a majority vote, it may be necessary to resort to a runoff election, or to some other type of sequential voting. This is a procedure that requires a majority vote at each step. A candidate who wins over every other candidate in a head to head ballot is called a condorcet winner. Many elections ask for a preference schedule of everything. This is to arrive at a final group rank ordering of all the contestants that best express the desires of the electorate. You can also vote insincerely in this method also by changing the order of your preference schedule.. A Borda count assigns points in a descending manner to the way each voter put the choices in order and sums them up to come up with the most popular ranking.

Forty Hadith Imam Nawawi

[email  protected] com Commentaries on Imam Nawawi's Forty Hadith The collection of Forty Hadith by al-Imam al-Nawawi (or Imam Nawawi) has been known, accepted and appreciated by Muslim scholars for the last seven centuries. Its significance lay in the fact that these selected forty hadiths comprise the main essential and fundamental concepts of Islam which, in turn, construct the minimum level of required revealed knowledge for every single Muslim.Since having good knowledge of the various fundamental aspects of the religion is key to a Muslim's practice and application of Islam, this web site attempts to provide simple and practical commentaries to the collection of Imam Nawawi's Forty Hadith. Various principles are contained in these hadiths, such as belief, Muslim ethics and fiqh. As such, it is very important to have a good understanding of these hadiths based on scholarly interpretations. In addition, these commentaries also try to offer discussions on related contemporary is sues pertaining to certain concepts mentioned in these hadiths. p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com 1. Actions are judged by intentions It is narrated on the authority of Amirul Mu'minin, Abu Hafs ‘Umar bin al-Khattab, radiyallahu ‘anhu, who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, say: â€Å"Actions are (judged) by motives (niyyah), so each man will have what he intended.Thus, he whose migration (hijrah) was to Allah and His Messenger, his migration is to Allah and His Messenger; but he whose migration was for some worldly thing he might gain, or for a wife he might marry, his migration is to that for which he migrated. † [Al-Bukhari & Muslim] background This hadith was said by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, at the time when a man emigrated from Makk ah to Madinah during the Hijrah for the sake of marrying someone and not for the sake of Islam. It is considered to be one of the greatest hadiths in Islam.Al-Imam al-Shafie said: This Hadith is one third of the knowledge of Islam; related to about 70 topics of Fiqh. Al-Imam Ahmad (with reference to al-Imam al-Shafie's statement) said: Islam is based on three fundamentals (all are among the 40 hadiths ): i. Hadith 1: which is stated above. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com ii. iii. Hadith 5: â€Å"Whosoever introduces into this affair of ours (i. . Islam) something that does not belong to it, it is to be rejected. † Hadith 6: â€Å"Truly, what is lawful is evident, and what is unlawful is evident, and in between the two are matters which are doubtful which many people do not know†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  These three hadiths are agreed upon by Al-Bukhari and Muslim. These hadiths can be seen as three criteria to help Muslims evaluate and judge what they do and say â€Å"as an ibadah† in their daily life: i. ii. Hadith 1 – To evaluate and judge our internal actions (actions of the heart).Hadith 5 – To evaluate and judge our external actions (actions of the limbs). Hadith 6 – To evaluate and judge our dealings â€Å"mu'amalat† (interaction between people). iii. Niyyah (intention) has two meanings: i. The intention before an ibadah (e. g. prayer) The willingness ii. The second meaning (ii. ) is what is meant in this hadith. lessons The Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, starts the hadith with the principle (â€Å"Actions are judged by intentions†) and then gives three examples. This is the methodology of the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam.The examples help illustrate the principle so that it is easier for people to understand and they can apply the principle to other similar situations. The three examples consist of one of good intention (migration for the sake of Allah and His Messenger) and two of bad intentions (migration for the sake of worldly gains or for marriage). This hadith emphasises ikhlas (sincerity – to be truthful and honest to Allah alone, performing an act solely for Allah's sake whereby no other witness except Allah is sought). Ikhlas is one of the conditions of accepting good deeds.The other condition is that the actions must be done in accordance with the Shariah as it will be explained in the fifth hadith. This can be seen in the shahadah : †¢ †¢ â€Å"I bear witness that there is no god but Allah† is the ikhlas – ensuring that we do things for the sake of Allah and Allah alone. â€Å"I bear witness that Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah† – the Sunnah is the manifestation of the Quran – the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, is our example, our best model to follow. Following his Sunnah in our ibadah, Akhlaq (ethics), and Muamalat (dealings) nsures that we are acting in accordance with the Shariah. Thus, the shahadah shows us the conditions for accepting a deed or performing an action: (a) it should be for the sake of Allah because He is the only One we worship, and (b) it should be in accordance with the Shariah. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com To achieve ikhlas, we have to avoid shirk (associating others with Allah, which causes insincerity).AlImam al-Harawi said the root cause for insincerity (or shirk) is self-desire (al-hawa). Therefore no action should be done because of self-desire. Imam al-Harawi states that there are 7 types of self-desires:i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. To make oneself appear good in the hearts of others To seek t he praises of others To avoid being blamed by others To seek the glorification of others To seek the wealth/money of others To seek the services or love of others To seek the help of others for oneself vii. Ways to obtain ikhlas: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Do righteous deeds – the more good deeds we do and hence get closer to Allah, the more sincere we will be.Before we do any deed we should firstly seek knowledge (ilm) – our actions/deeds should be guided by knowledge so that we do them in accordance to the Shariah. Do not give false impressions – do not make others believe that an action we did was good when it was not. Al-Imam Ahmad said: Before you do anything, check your intention (niyyah) – ask yourself before performing an action: â€Å"Is it for the sake of Allah? † Ibnu al-Qayyim says: Any action we do is subject to three defects: i. ii. Being conscious that others are observing our actions Seeking a return (benefit/reward) for the ac tion Being satisfied with the action ii. Examples: †¢ If we go to the masjid for the salah and we are early, arriving before the Imam and finding a place in the first saff, we should not be proud of ourselves and think of ourselves being better than others. We should praise Allah for enabling us to go to the masjid and for being able to perform the salah without any difficulties. After every salah, we should tell ourselves that we could have performed it better and try to improve in our next salah. †¢ What happens if we were to change our niyyah while performing an action?Ibn Rajab says according to the ulama' if the niyyah at the end of the action matches the beginning (i. e. doing the action for the sake of Allah), then any changes in the middle of the action will be forgiven or does not matter, insha Allah. However, if the niyyah at the end does not match the beginning, i. e. we do the action for other than the sake of Allah, then we must repent (taubah). There are four things that contradict ikhlas: i. ii. Ma'siat – committing sins – this will weaken our ikhlas Shirk – associating others with Allah p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com iii. iv. Riya' – performing an ibadah with the intention of showing off to others Nifaq – hypocrisy Even though we must always make sure that our actions do not deviate from ikhlas, there are actions, which are automatically considered that of good intentions. For example, seeking knowledge in Islam, helping the community, doing da'wah, etc.Some rulings (ahkam) which scholars derived from this hadith: †¢ †¢ †¢ When people ‘swear by Allah' by saying â€Å"Wallahi† every now and then, their intention is not that they actually swear by Allah. They say it simply out of habit – it readily rolls off their tongue. Hence, it is harmless. However a Muslim should do his/her best to minimize it. When someone is asked to give an oath, what is judged is his intention when he gives the oath. There can be a combination of intentions between performing an ibadah and teaching others we perform an ibadah for the sake of Allah, but we also do it with the intention of teaching others. . g. when the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, performed the Hajj, he did it for the sake of Allah as well as for teaching the Sahabah (his companions, may Allah be pleased with them all). A man may go through the process of divorcing his wife, verbally or in court, but it is his intention which counts. What could be seen as ghibah (backbiting – talking bad, but true, things about a person behind his back) could simply be a joke or a dua. If someone talks bad about someone else, it is his intentions, which determines whether it is ghibah or not. †¢ †¢ conclusionOur actions are undermined by our intentions – whether they are good intentions or bad intentions. Therefore we should always check our intentions before we do or say anything. We must make sure that the action is for the sake of Allah so that it is accepted by Allah and that we will be rewarded for it, insha Allah. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com 2. Islam, Iman, Ihsan, Qadar Also on the authority of ‘Umar, radiyallahu ‘anhu, who said: p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com â€Å"While we were one day sitting with the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, there appeared before us a man dressed in extremely white clothes and with very black hair. No traces of journeying were visible on him, and none of us knew him. He sat down close by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, rested his knee against his thighs, and said, O Muhammad! Inform me about Islam. Said the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, â€Å"Islam is that you should testify that there is no deity save Allah and that Muhammad is His Messenger, that you should perform salah (ritual prayer), pay the zakah, fast during Ramadan, and perform Hajj (pilgrimage) to the House (the Ka'bah at Makkah), if you can find a way to it (or find the means for making the journey to it). † Said he (the man), â€Å"You have spoken truly. † We were astonished at his thus questioning him and telling him that he was right, but he went on to say, â€Å"Inform me about iman (faith). He (the Messenger of Allah) answered, â€Å"It is that you believe in Allah and His angels and His Books and His Messengers and in the Last Day, and in fate (qadar), both in its good and in its evil aspects. † He said, â€Å"You have spoken truly. † Then he (the man) said, â€Å"Inform me about Ihsan. † He (the Messenger of Allah) answered, † It is that you should serve Allah as though you could see Him, for though you cannot see Him yet He sees you. † He said, â€Å"Inform me about the Hour. † He (the Messenger of Allah) said, â€Å"About that the one questioned knows no more than the questioner. So he said, â€Å"Well, inform me about the signs thereof (i. e. of its coming). † Said he, â€Å"They are that the slave-girl will give birth to her mistress, that you will see the barefooted ones, the naked, the destitute, the herdsmen of the sheep (competing with each other) in raising lofty buildings. † Thereupon the man went off. I waited a while, and then he (the Messenger of Allah) said, â€Å"O ‘Umar, do you know who that questioner was? † I replied, â€Å" Allah and His Messenger know better. † He said, â€Å"That was Jibril. He came to teach you your religion. † [Muslim] background Al-Imam Muslim says: Towards the end of his life, Abdullah bin ‘Umar (the son of ‘Umar bin alKhattab) was told by two people that a new Islamic sect had emerged from Iraq. They were called AlQadariah and they denied al-qadar (fate). Thus Abdullah bin ‘Umar narrated this hadith which mentions qadar as one of the pillars of Iman to refute the misconception of this sect. lessons This hadith teaches the adab (ethics) of seeking knowledge: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ We should be clean and wear clean clothes. We should sit properly and closer to the speaker.Asking questions for better understanding. Seek knowledge from the right source/authority. The method of seeking knowledge is through asking questions: †¢ The type of questions we ask should be meaningful – questions that will lead to valuable knowledge and good action. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com †¢ †¢ †¢ [email  protected] com Asking good questions will result in better learning as well as teaching.Those who are present when the questions are asked will also learn from the answers – thus, the questioner is teaching the others. When Ibn Abbas, one of the greatest Scholars among the Sahabahs, was asked how he obtained all his knowledge, he replied: â€Å"with an inquisitive tongue (i. e. he always asked questions) and a contemplating heart†. In many hadiths the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, himself will start by asking questions before he imparts with knowledge. Asking questions will prepare the mind/heart so that it will be ready for the answers/knowledge – ready to absorb and learn.In this hadith he calls Jibril â€Å"the questionerâ⠂¬  which implies full appreciation and encouragement of asking questions specially the ones that will lead to gaining more knowledge. In the Quran itself there are more than 1,200 questions – to serve different purposes – to provoke the mind of the reader and force it to indulge in thinking about what he/she reads. †¢ Scholars say that qadar can be seen at two levels: i. We believe that Allah knew, with His ultimate knowledge, what all His creations will do, even before the creations took place. Allah recorded all this knowledge inAl-Lauhulmahfudz – the preserved tablet. We believe that it is the will of Allah that these things will take place, whether they are good or bad. ii. Allah created our willingness and our ability of doing things – we can only do something if we are willing and able to do it. However, we are responsible for the choices we make. Misconceptions about Qadar Many Muslims believe that what they are going to do is caused by what has already been written in Al-Lauhulmahfudz – they confuse ‘causation' with ‘association'. In truth what we have is association, not causation.What we do is not caused by what is written by Allah. Allah with His ultimate knowledge knew what we are going to do. He could easily have put the good-doers into Jannah and the evil-doers into the Hellfire. But Allah is Adil (Just) so He created us in this life as to test us which way to go. What we are going to do will match what has already been written but it's not a matter of causation – what we do is out of our own willingness and ability and we do have full responsibility on whatever choice we make. Looking at guidance and misguidance, guidance (hidayah) is a gift (rahmah) from Allah.It is Allah who created us and gave us the mind so we can distinguish between right and wrong to a certain capacity. It is Allah who equipped us with fitrah to like the truth and good and to dislike the wrong and evil It is Alla h who gave us the ability and power to do things and it is Allah who sent the Messenger with the Message to guide us in things, which are beyond the reach of our conception. So when it comes to guidance it is a bounty from Allah. But when it comes to misguidance, it has to do with us. When we do bad deeds, it is from our own willingness and ability.Those who turn away from guidance do so because they want to turn away, i. e. they choose not to be guided. They have been misguided because they are arrogant – they refuse to listen. And so when they swerved from the right way, Allah let their hearts swerve from the truth. [Surah As-Saff (61): ayat 5] Nevertheless there are people who have not received the Message of Islam/guidance at all or the Message has not reached them in the clearest form, i. e. it is incomplete or distorted. These people are called Ahlul Fatrah and will be excused and not be punished, even though there are misguided. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com There are certain situations where we can do something about our qadar. For example: †¢ †¢ Illness/sickness is qadar – but we have been commanded by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, to look for a cure should we become ill. Finding a cure is also qadar. Thus, a qadar could be dealt with through another qadar. If something unfortunate happens to us, e. g. if we lost our job, we don't just say that it's qadar and do nothing about it.We look for another job, the consequence of which is another qadar. ‘Umar bin al-Khattab was traveling with a group of Sahabahs during his Khilafah (leadership). They were coming to a town when they heard that it had a contagious/infectious disease, i. e. cholera. ‘Umar asked his group whether they should proceed or go back (to Madinah). The majority o f the Sahabahs said they should go back but some said they should proceed. Then one Sahabi said he knew a hadith where the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, said, â€Å"If you hear that this disease exists in a country, don't travel to that country. So ‘Umar decided that they should go back. Another Sahabi (it seems from the second group) asked him whether he was running away from a qadar. ‘Umar replied that they were moving away from one qadar to another qadar. Thus, whenever there is a problem, a challenge or any hardship which we can remove, overcome, solve or minimize, it is a must that we do so. Some scholars like al-Imam al-Jilani use the term: â€Å"overcoming qadar† in this regard. In one hadith, the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, said, â€Å"Be keen for whatever is beneficial for you.Seek the help of Allah. And don't be reckless. † This hadith implies we must make the effort. The right concept of qadar is: we are responsible for whatever we do. For example: If we were to drive recklessly and caused an accident where someone died or was injured, we cannot simply say that it is qadar, abusing the concept to justify our mistakes. It is qadar that the incident took place because it is by the permission of Allah. But we are responsible for the death because it is through our willingness and ability that it happened.That's why in the courts we will be found guilty. If qadar can be used as an excuse, then many crimes will go unpunished – a thief can simply claim that his stealing was qadar! Those who abuse the concept of qadar are those who fail to be responsible. They abuse it to justify their failure. The correct way of using qadar as an excuse is: if someone exerts himself to do his best to fulfil an obligation but due to an unavoidable circumstance, which was out of his control, he could not achieve that obligation – then he might be excused.For example, a student has studied hard for an exa m but on the day of the exam he falls sick and does poorly or cannot even attend the exam, then he can say that it is qadar and that it is the will of Allah. When it comes to religious obligations, the matter is the same. We cannot blame qadar for committing sins or failing to do a wajib as some Muslims might do. We have to know that we are responsible. We might get into a weak status of Iman in doing a sin or delaying a wajib. Islam is such a practical religion that it gives us room for repentance and getting back to the right path.In the above hadith the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, defines Al-Islam, i. e. the five pillars, as the outward actions of the limbs, Al-Iman as being associated with belief – the inner actions of the heart, and Al-Ihsan as the highest level to attain. But the first two definitions can be interchanged with each other – sometimes Islam can be used to describe internal actions and Iman can mean external actions. There are a few h adiths which The Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, mentions that there are more than seventy actions which are considered as Iman.If the term Islam is used on its own, it means the whole thing – Al-Islam, Al-Iman and Al-Ihsan. Similarly, when Iman is used on its own it means Al-Iman, Al-Islam and Al-Ihsan. The Prophet, h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, mentions at the end of this hadith that the deen consists of these three things. If the Iman is weak it will affect Al-Islam (good deeds/actions).According to al-Imam Abu Hanifa: Even though Al-Iman and Al-Islam are different, Al-Iman necessitates the actions (Al-Islam). Some Scholars say the Muslims are considered strangers among the Disbelievers; and the Mua'minin are considered strangers among the Muslims; and t he Muhsinin are considered strangers among the Mua'minin. Al-Ihsan (the highest level of Iman where we worship Allah as if we see Him or if we don't see Him we know He sees us) is about fearing Allah and glorifying Him. This will lead us to strive for our best in performing our ibadah – we will be more sincere in our ibadah.Thus Al-Ihsan is also about the best actions of the heart. The actions that will lead to Al-Ihsan: to love Allah the most, to fear Allah the most, to seek the help of Allah, to have hope in Allah that He will give us mercy and guide us, to trust Allah wholly. When Jibril, aliyyhi as-Salam, asks the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, about the Hour (the Day of Judgement), the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, replies that neither he nor Jibril knows the answer. This is an example set by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, where even someone with vast knowledge like himself does not know everything and admits so.Al-Imam Malik w as asked forty questions by someone and to most of them he answered â€Å"I don't know – Allah knows better†. The man was surprised that the great Imam Malik didn't know the answers. Seeing the man surprised, Imam Malik told him that when he goes back to his town, to tell the people that he met and asked al-Imam Malik questions and Imam Malik said he didn't know the answers. AlImam Malik didn't want to be accountable for giving wrong answers. Thus, if we are to become an educator or a scholar, we should have the courage to admit what we do not know. We should not give an answer which may contain incorrect information.The signs of Akhirah mentioned in this hadith are minor signs, as opposed to major ones. We believe in these signs but we should not worry about them too much – we should not worry about when these signs will occur. We should actually be careful as some of these signs are bad deeds and we must steer away from these bad deeds. conclusion This hadith contains everything about Islam: the five pillars of Islam, the beliefs that make up Iman (including the belief of fate or qadar), the attainment of the highest level of Iman which is Ihsan, the adab of seeking knowledge and of teaching. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . u. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com 3. Islam, Iman, Ihsan, Qadar On the authority of Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman ‘Abdullah bin ‘Umar bin al-Khattab, radiyallahu ‘anhuma, who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, say: â€Å"Islam has been built upon five things – on testifying that there is no god save Allah, and that Muhammad is His Messenger; on performing salah; on giving the zakah; on Hajj to the House; and on fasting during Ramadhan. † [Al-Bukhari & Muslim] backgroundThis hadith is part of the previous Hadith (2). Mo st Scholars say that the reason why al-Imam alNawawi included this hadith in his collection, even though it seems that it repeats some portions of Hadith 2, is because of the importance of the 5 pillars of Islam. This Hadith stresses the fundamental aspects of the outward submission to Allah. This submission is based on some pillars, similar to a structure. If a person fulfills these aspects, he has laid a solid foundation for his deen as a ‘home'. The other acts of Islam, which are not mentioned in this hadith, can be taken as fine touches to complete this structure.If a person fails to fulfill these obligations (building the pillars), then the entire structure of his deen/iman may be threatened. This depends on how much is being violated – e. g. violation of the shahadah is the most dangerous. lessons The use of metaphors and similes h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory P ro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com This hadith uses a metaphor (i. e. the image of the structure of a building) to affirm certain important meanings.This use of metaphors and similes can be found in many Surahs in the Quran and in many other hadiths. For example: †¢ In Surah At-Taubah (9): ayat 109, a similar metaphor is used – the structure of the Mua'min's deen/iman is based on a sound foundation, whereas the structure of the deen of the Munafiq is based on weak ground which may lead to the collapse of the structure, resulting in the Munafik entering the Hellfire. Surah An-Nur (24): ayat 35, uses the metaphor of light as the light of guidance in the heart of the Mua'min. A metaphor used to condemn those who fail to fulfill the amanah (i. . religious obligations) can be found in Surah Al-Jumu'ah (62): ayat 5. The Bani Israel, having failed to obey Allah's commandments in the Taurah, are described as a donkey which is burdened with heav y books on its back but doesn't understand anything from them. Scholars have said that this metaphor also applies to other nations, which fail to fulfill their amanah. In one hadith the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, divided the status of his ummah into three categories: those who benefit from the Message, those who benefit partially and those who fail to benefit at all.He, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, used the metaphor of rain (as the Message) falling down on different types of land, producing different results. †¢ †¢ †¢ Using metaphors to convey the Message is a very important ‘tool' and it is the methodology used in the Quran and by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam. There are many modes of expression used in the Quran and Hadith and they are used for different purposes. E. g. Dealing with the misconceptions and false assumptions of the disbelievers, the Quran and Hadith use rational thinking.When describing Jannah and the Hell fire, the style used by the Quran and Hadith is the visual mode of expression – they are described in such detail that it is like we can actually visualize Jannah or the Hellfire in front of us. One of the Sahabahs said that he had already seen Jannah and the Hellfire. The other Sahabahs were puzzled and asked him how this could be so as nobody is able to see them until the Hereafter. He replied, â€Å"I saw them through the eyes of the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam. If I were to be given the chance to see Jannah and the Hellfire with my own eyes, I would not trust my sight.I trust the eyes of the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, more than I trust my own eyes. † Here we can conclude that if we read and understand the Quran and the Hadiths we too can visualize the paradise and the Hellfire. These modes of expression (thinking styles) used by the Quran and Hadith should be well understood and used by Muslims today to convey the Message of Islam wh en doing da'wah as it is the most effective way. Different styles should be used to reach/convince different people – some people are more emotional, some are more rational, etc. First Pillar : The ShahadahThe first part of the Shahadah is testifying that there is none worthy of worship except Allah. There are seven conditions of the Shahadah: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Knowledge – to understand what it means Certainty – to have no doubt about anything confirmed in the Quran or Sunnah Acceptance – by the tongue and the heart of whatever the Shahadah implies Submission/compliance – the actual physical enactment by deeds Truthfulness – to say the Shahadah sincerely, with honesty, to actually mean it Sincerity – to do it solely for the sake of Allah Love – to love the Shahadah and to love its implications and requirements and what it stands for p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com The Shahadah is not simply saying it with our tongue. We need to adhere to these conditions. If we say the Shahadah sincerely and with honesty, we will not do anything which contradicts with or violates the Shahadah.The second part of the Shahadah carries the following conditions: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ To believe in the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, and in whatever he told us and conveyed to us To obey him in whatever he commanded us to do To stay away from or avoid whatever he commanded us not to do To follow or emulate him in our ibadah, akhlaq and way of life To love him more than we love ourselves, our family and anything else in this world To understand, practice and promote his Sunnah in the best way possible, without creating any chaos, enmity or harmSecond Pillar : Establishing the Prayers (S alah) Some interpretations of this hadith translate â€Å"iqamatus salah† as ‘performing' the salah. â€Å"Iqamatus salah† is a broader concept than what the term ‘performing' means. The Scholars say â€Å"iqamatus salah† implies: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Doing the wudu in the proper way To do the salah in its time To do it in congregation (jama'ah) – where the reward is 27 times than praying alone To fulfill the six conditions of salah To observe the proper manners (adab) of doing it such as submission and humility To follow preferable actions (sunnan) in our salahIt is important that we follow these conditions and not violate them if we want to truly fulfill the second pillar of Islam i. e. â€Å"iqamatus salah†. We should remember that Allah initially commanded us to pray fifty times a day and it was eventually reduced to five times (with the reward of fifty) – the prayer times are very reasonably spread out throughout the day – it can even help us to manage our time – it can help us to manage our affairs, allowing the Muslim community to meet during congregation and care for and help each other which will lead in turn to solidarity.Thus, the prayers should not be seen as a burden as some Muslims might regard them today. Third Pillar : Zakat The giving of Zakat has been pointed out by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, for certain things and in certain ways or percentages and under certain conditions. The Scholars say that knowing the details of Zakat only becomes an obligation when a person owns the type of property or thing which requires him to give Zakat for. E. g.Farmers or traders or property owners need to know the conditions and percentages of Zakat that they are obligated to give. Fourth Pillar : Hajj Pilgrimage (Hajj) to the House (Kaabah) is an obligation that we need to do only once in our lifetime only if we meet certain conditions, e. g. if we have the financial means, a way of travelling peacefully, etc. If we meet these conditions then we should perform the Hajj as soon as possible and not to delay it. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com Some Scholars say that if we have the means to perform the Hajj several times, then it is better to use this money to help others to fulfill their obligations – we will be rewarded for their pilgrimage or to use the money for the betterment of the community. For each of these Pillars there are conditions, sunnan, ethics (adab), etc. , which should be observed when we perform these ibadahs.Why do we always hear that every year hundreds of Muslims lose their lives or get injured during Hajj? Most of these incidents are due to the negligence of the adab or violation of the sunnan. For example, the throwing of ston es at the Jamrat: †¢ †¢ †¢ Even though we are supposed to use small stones, people tend to use big ones and throw recklessly from a far distance, causing injuries to others. People do not follow the specified directions when they move, causing many to get crushed by the ‘human waves' moving in different directions.People insist on going to throw at the peak times, i. e. the busiest part of the day. The elderly, women and handicapped should be reminded to go when it is less crowded. Thus, it is important that we observe the adab. Fifth Pillar : Fasting Ramadhan is a training program for all Muslims to go through, performing good deeds to become better Muslims. However, we should continue with these good deeds outside of Ramadhan – praying in the mosque, Tahajjud, Qiamu alil, reciting the Qur'an, helping and caring for others etc.The Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, when asked what the best way is to finish reading the whole Qur'an, said to do it in one month, i. e. one Juzuk per day. This is something we should practice all the time and not have to wait for Ramadhan to do it. If we cannot achieve this, at least try to read one or two pages a day (a quarter of a hizb). Similarly we should try to do the night prayers (tahajjud), be it only two raka'at and not everyday, outside of Ramadhan. We should not make personal commitments in performing these preferable actions where the Shariah has not made this itself.This might lead us to giving up on our commitment and hence, the good deed. The best way is to do it on ease and convenience aiming at the continuity of these good deeds. conclusion All the Pillars of Islam have rulings, conditions and mannerisms (ahkam wa adab) applied to them. It is important that we know these ahkam and adab and regularly remind ourselves, especially before Ramadan or before performing the Hajj, so that we perform the Pillars properly and according to the Shariah. p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com 4. Creation of human being; Al-Qadar Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman ‘Abdullah bin Mas'ud, radiyallahu ‘anhu, reported: The Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, the most truthful, the most trusted, told us: â€Å"Verily the creation of any one of you takes place hen he is assembled in his mother's womb; for forty days he is as a drop of fluid, then it becomes a clot for a similar period. Thereafter, it is a lump looking like it has been chewed for a similar period. Then an angel is sent to him, who breathes the ruh (spirit) into him. This Angel is commanded to write Four decrees: that he writes down his provision (rizq), his life span, his deeds, and whether he will be among the wretched or the blessed.I swear by Allah – there is no God but He – one of you may perform the deeds of the people of Paradise till there is naught but an arm's length between him and it, when that which has been written will outstrip him so that he performs the deeds of the people of the Hell Fire; one of you may perform the deeds of the people of the Hell Fire, till there is naught but an arm's length between him and it, when that which has been written will overtake him so that he performs the deeds of the people of Paradise and enters therein. † [Al-Bukhari & Muslim] background h p: //fo tyhadi th. iu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com This hadith was not only recorded by Al-Bukhari and Muslim but by other Scholars as well. Apart from ‘Abdullah bin Mas'ud, this hadith was also narrated by many other companions (Sahabahs). This narration by ‘Abdullah bin Mas'ud was recorded with different versions where some words/terms conflicted with each other, resulting in different versions having different meanings regarding Creation.The conflicts are as follows: 1. The addition of the word â€Å"nutfah† (the drop of a fluid) This word is not mentioned in Bukhari neither Muslim's narration. However it was added to other narrations including the one chosen by al-Imam al-Nawawi to provide a better interpretation or explanation but instead it gave two conflicting views of the creation of mankind in terms of stages of the fetus: First View: The three stages of the fetus consist of forty days each, equaling to a total of 120 days for the stages to complete.It is only after this 120 days that the ruh (spirit) is breathed into the fetus, as well as the recording of the fetus' provision life span, deeds and destiny. This view, the inclusion of the word â€Å"nuftah†, is the view held by the majority of the Scholars. One problem with this view is that the stages of the fetus as interpreted in this hadit h contradict the facts proven by science today. Another problem concerns the Fatwa on abortion. Scholars say that abortion is allowed (provided there is a very good reason – e. g. the woman's life is in danger) only before the ruh is breathed into the fetus, i. e. efore 120 days – as opposed to 40 days if the second view is to be taken (see below). Second View: The word â€Å"nutfah† does not belong to the text of the hadith. This changes the meaning of the hadith which interprets the three stages of the fetus as taking place in the first forty days. This view correlates with scientific facts. And this means that the ruh is breathed into the fetus after forty days, and not 120 days. Consequently the Fatwa on abortion states that abortion is allowed only before forty days. 2. The authenticity of the last section of the Hadith Some Scholars say that the last section of the hadith (i. . â€Å"By Allah†¦) is not part of the text of the Prophet, sallallahu â₠¬Ëœalayhi wasallam, but the words of ‘Abdullah bin Mas'ud. But since the issue in this hadith is related to matters which we cannot perceive with our limited human perception, this last section is accepted and included here because ‘Abdullah bin Mas'ud may have derived the meaning from another hadith of the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, to explain this hadith better. There are other hadiths collected by Al-Bukhari and Muslim, which touch on the same issue. But there are some differences between the texts of those hadiths and this one.Those hadiths narrate the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, as saying: One of you will perform the acts of the people of the Paradise (Ahlul Jannah) as it appears in the eyes of the people. This is like the Munafiqin or hypocrites – they do the acts of the Mua'minin. They appear, in our eyes, to be doing the acts of the Ahlul Jannah but Allah knows best. Their end will be a disaster – by being Munafiqin they are actually denying the message of God in their deep hearts as Allah mentioned in the Qur'an and their end will be in the Hellfire since they do not submit to Allah in their hearts.This explanation of the other hadiths is important in the understanding of this hadith. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com lessons The Scholars say when we do a research on a concept or an issue mentioned in hadiths, we shouldn't depend on only one hadith – we need to search for other similar hadiths, which deal with the same issue/matter.We must remember that some narrators will narrate a hadith by its meaning, and not exactly as it was said by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam. This is because being human, some of them may forget some of the exact words/terms used by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasal lam but they still understand the actual meaning of what was said. Then we need to compare the different texts of hadiths on the same issue with each other in order to have a more complete interpretation and better understanding of the issue/matter at hand.Some people, on hearing this hadith as it is and without further explanation, might feel despair, fearing that they fall into the bad group of people mentioned. This will lead to determination (jabriah) they may think that no matter what they do, if their end has already been written, then why should they bother to do good deeds. This is the wrong attitude to have as it is based on a wrong perception. Allah is Just. We should trust Allah. If we are good to Allah and trust Him, He will be good to us. We should be optimistic and not pessimistic.We follow Allah's commands and make the effort to be good Muslims and we should not despair. During one of the battles, a companion (Sahabi) said to the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasa llam, that he was following him, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, to fight in the hope that an arrow will be shot through his (the Sahabi's) neck, coming in from the front and going out the back. The Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, said, â€Å"If you are honest with Allah, Allah will be honest with you. † The Sahabi died exactly as he hoped to. The Prophet's, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, words here are generic and can be used for all situations.If we are honest with Allah, Allah will not leave us – He will help us – He will guide us, etc. The closer we are to Allah, the more He will help us and guide us. Thus, the last section of this hadith is an exception and applies only to few people such as the Munafiqin. But this, on the other hand, does not mean that we live in hope alone. The Scholars say that we must combine hope with fear – when we worship Allah, we should have hope as well as fear of Him. Fearing Allah is a positive thing. T he more we fear Allah, the closer we get to Him. The more we fear Allah, the more calm and at peace we will be.This is unlike the natural ‘fear' where if we fear something, e. g. a fire or a dangerous animal, we will try to get away from it. Scholars say that we should have an equal amount of hope to the amount of fear. This is so we will have a better status of Iman (faith) – there is no despair and at the same time there is no excessive hope (over-confidence) which could lead to laziness and the non-fulfillment of our obligations. This is why we need to combine hope and fear, as well as love Allah the most and have trust in Him. This above hadith is about Allah's Creation and Qadar.The statement: â€Å"that which has been written will overtake him† should be understood in the positive sense and not negatively. Allah with His ultimate knowledge knows what will happen as it has been explained in the previous hadith. Al-Qadar can be categorized as: 1. Al-Qadar al- Kulli – the general qadar which has been recorded by Allah in Al-Lauhulmahfudz or the Preserved Tablet. 2. Al-Qadar al-Sanawi – the annual qadar which takes place once a year (Lailatul qadar) – where it matchs what has been written in Al-Lauhulmahfudz. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com What has been written in Al-Lauhulmahfudz is only known to Allah. It is not revealed to us – we don't know about our destiny, what our rizq is, where we'll end up, etc. To us it is ghaib and unknown. The translation of this hadith using the word â€Å"overtake† may not give the true meaning if it were to be understood that whatever has been recorded by the angels will be â€Å"imposed† on a person's life. We are simply being told about Ilmu Allah or the ultimate knowledge of Allah.What has bee n written does not cause us to do what we do. It is not a cause and affect situation, as believed by many Muslims. Many Muslims believe that as it has already been written, therefore this will cause us to do whatever has been written. The truth is even though it has been written and even though we will do it, we will not do it because it has been written. It is actually an association, or a matching. What we are going to do matches the knowledge of Allah, because Allah's knowledge is ultimate. In other words, what we are going to do matches what has been written.This shows the glory of Allah, the ultimate knowledge of Allah. So we should not have the understanding that things are imposed on us. Otherwise this will nullify the whole concept of iman (faith) and the whole concept of Creation and all other related concepts. We are responsible for what we choose and for what we do. Referring to the last section of this hadith where a person's final destiny changes at the last minute and he ends up not as expected, there are examples in the Sirahs where some people embrace Islam in the last minute – e. g. they embrace Islam and go into battle and die, some of them not having done a single good deed.There are also many examples today where non-practicing Muslims or those doing bad deeds, having reached the last stages of their lives (at the age of 50 or 60), will repent and turn into a good Muslim. The same applies for thousands of new converts every year. These people, according to the will of Allah, will be forgiven and enter Paradise. For the other scenario where a person performs good deeds most of his/her life and at the end of his/her life perform bad deeds deserving to enter the Hellfire (as mentioned in the hadith), this situation affects only a limited number of people compared to the first one.And it is because of the person himself, such as in the case of hypocrites. To have the correct understanding of the concept of qadar, we need to know more abo ut the creation of the human being. What is mentioned in this Hadith is actually a miracle. It describes the stages of the fetus and the creation of man 1,400 years before science and technology confirm it as fact. (This description of the stages of the fetus can also be found in the Quran but without the mention of the periods of times. In other words, scientists were only able to observe this phenomenon in the last few decades whereas it was already mentioned in the Qur'an and Hadith hundreds of years ago. A conference regarding the Creation was held in Europe several years ago and some Muslim Scholars were invited to attend. When these Scholars gave the Islamic perspective regarding the stages of the fetus, showing that this was documented in the Quran and the Hadith, some of the people who attended the conference embraced Islam – they were convinced that it is a Divine revelation.We also need to understand the components of the human being in order to help us understand q adar in the positive way. The human being consists of the following components: †¢ The intellect (Al-Aql) – this allows us, to a certain extent, to distinguish between good and evil. The intellect is part of us, part of the creation of Allah. Based on this, a person is regarded as mukallaf, responsible to understand and accept the massage of Allah if he is sane. If someone is mentally disturbed or insane, then he is not mukallaf.The natural disposition or innate (Al-Fitrah) – we are created with this innate which enables us to love what is good and what is right and to hate what is evil and what is wrong. It consists of love and hate. Even though we are created with this fitrah, it is subject to change due to the environment, to our parents, upbringing, etc. Therefore there are people who might love what is bad due to a spoiled or a corrupted fitrah. The Scholars say the original fitrah is still there †¢ h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhad i th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. dffactory. com [email  protected] com †¢ †¢ within these people – if we try to ‘awaken' the fitrah, these people will come back to loving good and hating bad. The commitment that we make, at the time of our pre-creation, to worship only Allah. This is related to the fitrah – it causes us to have this natural disposition or innate towards loving what is good and hating what is bad. The willingness (Al-Iradah) and Power (Qudrah): Allah provided us with willingness and power/ability. An action cannot take place without this willingness and power – we do something only if we are willing and we have the power to do it.But this willingness and power are neutral and can be manipulated and used in either good or bad ways. We have also been created with desires (shahawat) and the existence of these desires within us can manipulate our willingnes s or power towards good or bad. Desires are part of what is known as the internal challenges – things which influence our willingness and ability. The internal challenges consist of: o o Shahawat/Hawa (self desires) Nafs, of which there are three different aspects: i. The nafs which encourages us to do bad deeds ii. The nafs which blames us for our bad deeds or thoughts of bad deeds (if we have iman and knowledge) – e. . our nafs says â€Å"Aren't you ashamed of yourself for thinking about drinking alcohol? † iii. The peaceful nafs (al-Mutma'inah) †¢ We can be dealing with these three different aspects of the nafs in a short period of time, e. g. within less than an hour, where (i) we start in thinking about doing a bad deed, caused by al-nafsu ammarah bi sua' which is the first aspect of nafs, but due to our faith (ii) the blaming self prevents us from performing that bad deed, leading us to (iii) the aspect of the peaceful self. There are also external ch allenges (which attract the internal challenges): o o The existing muharamat (prohibitions) – e. . the first aspect of nafs will activate the hawa and the hawa will push us to think about and do the bad deeds. The insinuation/whispering (waswasa) of Satan. All that Satan can do is to insinuate. He will try to convince us to do bad deeds by promoting evil and making it appear nice and acceptable to us, or convince us to delay doing good deeds. E. g. if we are good Muslims Satan will try to make us delay performing the prayer or giving the sadaqah by making it appear as a bad thing to do because giving sadaqah will result in a financial burden for us. As we can see, both cases are done through coloring our perception.We can see that some of the components of the human being help us while some are challenges. For example, the Fitrah and Aql are strong components which direct us to do good. However there is a limit to our intellect and for this Allah sent us the Messengers with t he revelations to guide us. Allah's Guidance helps us by telling us what is good and what is bad, in what forms the insinuation of Satan can come in, etc. When we recite the Qur'an with contemplation, we will attain the insight (basirah) which will activate the blaming-self and the nafs ul mutma' inah.The Qur'an tells us that we have been created to be tested: (Allah) Who has created death and life that He may test you which of you is best in deed. [Surah Al-Mulk (67): ayat 2] Allah tells us what we are being tested on and the scenarios mentioned above describe the nature of the test. This is the mercy of Allah – He equips us with the power, the will, the fitrah, the aql, the Message/guidance, etc. But He warns us that our will is going to be tested by internal and external challenges. The power and willingness is neutral but it can be influenced/directed to go either way, p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF creat ed with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com good or bad. If we have the insight (basirah), if we recite the Quran, if we are close to Allah, if we have the wisdom (hikmah), then what will be activated is the sound mind and the shahawat (selfdesires) will be controlled and we will not be misled by them. Satan will not come close to us because he knows that if he does so he will not be able to influence us.If we look at it this way, our life is a challenge – it's a real test that we have to go through. Even with all these components Allah has equipped us with, we still need Tawfiqul Allah (guidance from Allah). Without tawfiq we might be misled by our desires or by the insinuation of Satan. Thus we need to be closer to Allah. We need to do du'a to Allah (calling on Him) all the time and to devote our hearts to Him so that we are constantly seeking His help, His refuge, His Hidayah (guidance). That's why at least 17 times a day we say â€Å"Guide us to the Straight Way† – we need Allah's guidance again and again.The guidance is not only to the path but it is also within the path. These are the two types of guidance (hidayah) – (i) to the path is becoming a Muslim and (ii) within the path is increasing our S. The Scholars say we need guidance within the path every second of the day – we need Allah's guidance more than we need to breathe. It is narrated by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, in one Hadith that Allah created a man on an island where he was the only person there. Allah gave the man rizq by providing fruits on which he survived. For 70 ears the man lived and worshipped only Allah, as there were no challenges there. When the time came for the man to die, Allah commanded the angel to bring his soul to Him. Allah asked the man, â€Å"O My servant, to Paradise or to Hellfire? † The man replied, â€Å"O Allah, Almighty, to Paradise. † Allah said, â€Å"O My servant, is it because of My Mercy or is it because of your amal (good deeds)? † The man replied, â€Å"O Allah, it is because of my amal. For 70 years I worshipped you. I have done nothing bad, only good deeds worshipping you. † Then Allah commanded his angel to take the bounty of sight and put it on one scale.He then commanded the angel to put the man's 70 years' worth of good deeds on the other scale. The bounty of sight weighed heavier than the deeds of 70 years. In summary, if for 70 years we were to worship Allah and do good deeds and refrain from bad deeds, we will still not be able to repay Allah for one of His bounties. The Scholars say if you want to know Allah's bounty on you, close your eyes. If we close our eyes and imagine that we can no longer see and try to picture how our life would be, only then can we truly appreciate and value the mercy of Allah. onclusion The hadiths are the sources of our iman (faith), knowledge, and guidance as w e are taught by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam. Studying and understanding the Hadiths will activate our insight (basirah), enlighten our hearts, and uplift our souls. This will by the help of Allah, lead us and keep us on the right path to the end, insha Allah. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com . Ibadah & Bida'ah (Innovation) It is narrated on the authority of the Mother of the Believers, Umm ‘Abdullah ‘Aishah, radiyallahu ‘anha, that the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, said: â€Å"Whosoever introduces into this affair of ours (i. e. into Islam) something that does not belong to it, it is to be rejected. † [Al-Bukhari & Muslim] According to the version in Muslim, (it reads): â€Å"Whosoever works a work which has for it no command of ours is to be r ejected. † background Like Hadith 1, this hadith is one of the most important hadiths.Imam Nawawi said it should be memorised by every Muslim. This hadith is used as a criterion for judging external actions or performance of Ibadah. If an action is not done in accordance with the Shariah or the Sunnah of the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, it will be rejected and not accepted by Allah based on text of this hadith. This hadith complements Hadith 1, which was a criterion for judging the intentions or the internal actions of the heart. The Scholars say that the acceptance of actions of Ibadah is based on the above two conditions: i.The intention – the action should be done with sincerity, for the sake of only Allah. It should be done in accordance with the Sunnah of the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam. ii. Apart from Hadith 1 and Hadith 5, the acceptance of actions can also be found in Surah Al-Kahf (18): ayat 110: Whoever looks forward to meeting hi s Sustainer (on Day of Judgement), let him do righteous deeds, and let him not ascribe unto anyone or anything a share in the worship due to his Sustainer. Emulating and following the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, is a Qur'anic obligation.Allah, the Almighty says: h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com Verily, in the apostle of God you have the best example to emulate for everyone who looks forward (with hope and awe) to Allah and the Last Day, and remembers Allah unceasingly. [Surah Al-Ahzab (33): ayat 21]. Say (O Prophet): â€Å"If you love Allah, follow me, (and) Allah will love you and forgive you your sins. lessonsThis hadith is related to a very important concept which is following the Sunnah and violating this concept will lead to bida'ah [which will be discussed in detail, insha Allah, in Hadith 28]. Scholars classify actions of the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, into actions done for the purpose of Ibadah (worshiping Allah) and actions which are not done for that purpose (i. e. customs, actions done haphazardly, etc. ). There are clear indicators for actions done for the purpose of Ibadah such as commands to do or not to do something, warnings for not doing something, etc.Muslims are only obliged to follow the first kind of Sunnah. Looking at it in a positive way, the actions (i. e. forms of ibadah) that we do should be done in accordance with the Shariah or the Sunnah of the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, and to ensure this there is a criterion consisting of five aspects that will keep our actions in check: i. Time Any ibadah that we do has to be done in it's designated or specified time. E. g. There are fixed times in the day for the five prayers. For fasting, the month for fasting is Ramadhan. The period that we can fast is from fajr to sunset. Similarly, there is a specific time in the year when we can perform the Hajj – from the 8 to the 12 Zulhijjah. Place The Shariah has specified that certain ibadahs have to be performed in designated places. E. g. The places for performing the Hajj, I'tikaf, doing Ihram for Hajj have been fixed by the Shariah and this is something which is sometimes violated by Muslims, e. g. doing the Ihram (starting talbiyyah and niyyah for Hajj) in Jeddah is incorrect. Quantity For most of the ibadahs the Shariah has specified a certain number of times that the ibadahs or their components need to be performed.E. g. For prayers, there are specified number of rakaahs and sujud and for Tawaf there is a fixed number of rounds (7), etc. We should not violate these rules intentionally. To violate intentionally may make the ibadah subject to be rejected. Way Every ibadah was described or shown to us by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam being our best model to follow and emulate. The w ay that the ibadahs are performed by him have to be followed – it should not be violated. E. g. There are different ways of performing different prayers – Salat ul-Janazah has no ruku' or sujud.Even the size of the stones used for throwing at the Jamrat has been specified by the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, as not to be too big. Before we perform any ibadah, we should know and learn the way the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, performed it and we should do it in the right way as he did it. The Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam, said, â€Å"Pray as you have seen me praying. † Many Muslims today violate the way ibadahs are performed, because of ignorance or because they do not bother to learn, and they end up doing the ibadah in the wrong way. ii. ii. iv. h p: //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p: //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www. pdffactory. com [email  protected] com v. Type If the Shariah has specified a type of ibadah, then we should stick to that type. E. g. Al-Udhiah (sacrifice) – the type of animal to be sacrificed has been specified by the Shariah and this should not be violated. Recently a Sheikh in one of the Muslim countries made a fatwa that Muslims can use chicken as sacrifice – this is a violation of the type.If a Muslim cannot afford to offer a sacrifice, then they don't have to do it as it is not a wajib (i. e. an obligation). In certain years, some of the Sahabahs (companions) purposely did not perform the sacrifice so that the people did not think that it was a wajib. A clear distinction should be made about the actions of the Prophet, sallallahu ‘alayhi wasallam whether they were done only from time to time or whether they were done continuously on a regular basis. For example, some o

Natural Justice Essay

4) What is natural justice? Natural justice is a natural sense of what is right and wrong. It is a procedural concept and does not imposed any substantive restriction. Besides that, natural justice is also a fair administrative procedure to be followed by the administrative body in arriving at a right decision. Natural justice has two main components; the rule of hearing or rights to be heard or audi alteram partem and the rule against bias or nemo-judex in causa sua. 5) What are the main elements in nemo-judex causa sua? Nemo-judex causa sua means the rules against bias. It means that a man should not be a judge in his own cause. The principle that bias disqualified an individual from acting as an adjudicator flows from two fundamental maxims; a man should not be a judge in his own cause; and justice must not only be done but be seen to be done. The fountain of administration justice must not only be pure but it must also enjoy public confidence and credibility. The adjudicator must not only be free from bias but there must not even be appearance of bias. There are three types or elements of bias; Pecuniary bias, Personal bias and Policy bias. A pecuniary interest, however small, in a controversy disqualifies a person from acting as a judge. In DIMES v GRAND JUNCTION CANAL, a public limited company filed a case against a land owner in a matter largely involving the interests of the company. The Lord Chancellor who was a shareholder in the company heard the case and gave the desired relief to the comp any. The decision was quashed by the House of Lords because of the Lord Chancellor’s pecuniary interest in the company. Personal bias may arise in the adjudicatory right, or in favour of, one party to the dispute before him under many varied circumstances, for example relationship, friendship or business dealings with or hostility or animosity against a party may disqualify an official to act as an adjudicatory in a dispute. All these circumstances create bias either in favour of, against a party to the dispute. In AK KRAIPAK v UNION OF INDIA 1970 SC 150, a Selection Board was formed to select employee of state service to the Indian Forest Service was one of the candidates and he was a member of the Selection Board. The Supreme Court held that a member of a decision making body cannot be both a party and a judge in the same dispute. In the case of official bias, the adjudicatory is not influenced by any personal or pecuniary but he is so imbued with the desire to promote official policy of his department that he becomes blind to the existence of the interests of the private individual. When an administrator acts as decision maker to decide a dispute between an individual and his department, there is a tendency that he was an official or policy bias towards his department. In ALKAFF & CO v THE GOVERNER-IN-COUNCIL, the Commissioner of Law was a member of Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT). SIT approved certain scheme and applied to the Governor-in-Council for approval. The Governor appointed the Commissioner to inquire and to make report on the proposal. The commissioner recommended approval of the scheme. Therefore held, the appointment of Commissioner to inquire the merit of the scheme could result in suspicion that justice might not be done. The order was quashed. 6) What is the element in audi alteram partem? Audi alteram partem is the rule which requiring fair hearing. It has few elements. The first element is notice. Notice is a basic norm of natural justice is that before initiating adjudication proceedings, the party concerned should be given notice of the case against him so as to enable him to adequately defend himself. The right of hearing become illusory if the party has no knowledge of allegations which he need to meet. Notice thus regarded as the sine qua non of the right of hearing. The notice means an adequate notice as regards the details of the case against the party. Any proceeding taken against a person without adequate notice to him infringes natural justice and is thus invalid. It is necessary that all the grounds on which action is proposed to be taken must be communicated to the person concerned. If it transpires later that action was taken on a ground which had not been taken communicated to him earlier than the action will be invalid. In the case study of MARADANA MO SQUE TRUSTEES v BADI-UD-DIN MAHMUN [1967] 1 AC 13, the government took over the school on two grounds due to the failure to pay salaries of teachers and unable to manage the school, but the manager was asked to explain only one ground which is the failure to pay salaries. The managers had no notice of the other grounds, which influenced government’s decision. Privy Council held that the decision to take over the school was quashed as the managers were not given notice of one ground. The minister was acting in quasi-judicial capacity and was bound to observe the rule of natural justice. Relating to the case above, a notice must be served in order for the person concerned to know the charges he had to meet; and have a sufficient time to prepare his defence. For example, in the case of SURINDER SINGH KANDA v GOVT OF MALAYSIA [1962] MLJ 169, Lord Denning stated that if the right to be heard is to be real which is worth anything, it must carry with it a right in the accused man to know the case which is made against him. The notice must be given a reasonable opportunity to comply with its requirements. Sufficient time must be given to the concerned person to prepare his defence. For example, in the case of RE LIVERPOOL TAXI OWNERS’ ASSOCIATION [1967] 2 MLJ 186, a letter was sent to the association to show cause by return of post against the issue of fresh taxi licenses. The notice was held to be inadequate. It is against natural justice to call upon the concerned person to show cause immediately and to permit him no time to consider the charges against him. If the notice is inadequate, the decision will be invalid as it is against the natural justice. The second element is hearing. Natural justice requires an adjudicatory body to not to make a decision adverse to a party without affording him an affective opportunity of adequately meeting the allegations against him and presenting his own case. There is no fixed hearing procedure which has to be followed in all cases. It varies from situation to situation. It is ultimately for the court to decide whether the procedure adopted in a specific situation accords with natural justice or not. In the case stu dy of PHANG MOH SHIN [1967] 2 MLJ 186, the inquiry officer embarked on the inquiry immediately after reading the charge to the officer against whom the inquiry was being held. His request for an adjournment to enable him to prepare his defence was refused. It was held that there was a denial of natural justice. The third element is reasonable opportunity of being heard. There are certain elements need to be observed. The first element is the adjudicating authority should disclose all information, evidence or material which the authority wishes to use against the individual concerned in writing at its decision. The general rule is that all the relevant material which is being relied upon by an adjudicating authority for giving its decision against a person, should be brought to his notice and he be given an opportunity to comment, criticise, explain or rebut the same. For example in the case of AZIZ BIN ABD RAHMAN v ATTORNEY GENERAL SINGAPORE [1979] 2 MLJ 93, the court held that as vital and relevant evidence had not been disclosed to him, there was breach of natural justice insofar as he was denied an opportunity of correcting or controverting the medical evidence considered relied upon by the medical board. The second element is the authority should receive the evidence and all relevant material which the party concerned may wish to produce before it in its defence. In an oral hearing, the adjudicatory authority is obligated to give the person concerned opportunity to produce evidence on behalf of the affected person may amount to breach of natural justice by the authority concerned. Based on the case MALAYAWATA STEEL BHD v UNION OF MALAYAWATA STEEL WORKERS [1978] 1 MLJ 87, the company challenged an award of the Industrial Court on the ground of breach of natural justice as the company was denied the opportunity to call witnesses. The High Court held that there had been a denial of natural justice when the applicant was not allowed to call his essential witnesses to adduce evidence at the hearing and was therefore denied a reasonable opportunity of presenting his case. The third element is the authority should give to the individual concerned an opportunity to rebut the material against him. In oral hearing, cross-examination of witnesses testifying against a party should be permitted. It is actually not regarded as an obligatory part of natural justice in all cases. Whether an opportunity for cross-examination is to be given or not depend upon the circumstances of each case. Based on the case CEYLON UNIVERSITY v FERNANDO, the argument of the appellant that he had not been given an opportunity to cross-examine witnesses testifying against him was rejected by the Privy Council on the ground that he never claimed such right. Even where cross-examination of witnesses is allowed, the authority may refuse to permit unnecessary cross-examination of a witness. Even if cross-examination of witnesses is not an obligatory part of natural justice, it is still necessary for the decision-making authority to give the party concerned a fair opportunity of comment ing on the evidence produced against him and of contradicting the same. The fourth element is reasoned decision. Traditionally, the British courts had taken the view that natural justice does not obligate an adjudicatory body to give reasons for its decisions. In BREEN v A.E.U. [1971] 2 Q.B. 143, Lord Denning did emphasize that the giving of reasons is one of the fundamentals of good administration. The obligation to give reason avoids unfair or arbitrary decisions by adjudicatory bodies; search for reasons for their decisions is bound to make these bodies alert and careful. Reasoned decisions ensure that decision-making bodies apply their mind to the facts and circumstances of the matters they decide and that they do not act in a mechanical manner. In India, however, the Supreme Court has insisted time and again that natural justice obligates decision-making bodies to give reasoned decisions. The fifth element is the right to be counsel. Generally, appearance of a lawyer is not claimable as a matter of right in a quasi-judicial hearing. But in a case where complicated questions of law and fact arise, where the evidence is elaborate and the party concerned may not be in a position to meet the situation himself effectively, denial of legal assistance may amount to denial of natural justice. In PEET v GREYHOUND RACING ASSOCIATION [1968] 2 ALL ER 545, the Court of Appeal ruled that natural justice required that the plaintiff should be presented through a lawyer as he was facing a serious charge concerning his reputation and livelihood. However in the case of FRASER v MUDGE [1975] 3 ALL ER 78, the court ruled that in a disciplinary matter there was to be hearing but no legal representation. In this case, a prisoner with an offence against prison disciplines sought legal representation before the Board of Visitors while enquiring into the charge before him.