Math Studies Sl Internal Assessment

Dependency of a Boxer’s Win rate on Reach and Gender Antonio Paolo Gomez Candidate No. 003902-006 Northbridge International School Cambodia Math Studies Internal Assessment Word Count: 1655 Statement of Task3 Plan3 Data4 Math Processes5 Simple math processes:5 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient r:7 Chi-Square8 Discussion/Validity10 Conclusion10 Works Cited11 Statement of Task Boxing is a very well known sport around the world, where two disciplined athletes face off in a ring, trading blows until one of them submits or until judges decide a winner.The sport revolves around throwing blows with their fists, and to organize said athletes, their characteristics are measured, and their accomplishments are recorded. Before a fight is held, a fighter’s profile is summarized, mentioning the person’s height, weight, reach, and their win/loss record. All of what is mentioned is said to play a big part in the flow of the match. The purpose of this investigation is to determine if there is a relationship between a boxer’s reach and his winning rate. The data that will be taken will be professional boxers’ measured reach and their counts of wins and losses for winning rate.The measurement of a boxer’s reach is used to determine how far he can extend his punch. The measure of boxers’ reaches and their records of wins and losses will be used to determine if reach is one of the larger factors that affect an athlete’s chances in a match. Plan The investigation will include data gathered from professional boxers, which are their reach and their counts of wins and losses. The data that will be collected can be collected from official sites online, which have brief profiles of athletes’ measurements. I will be using official sites since they tend to be up to date and have accurate and legit information.The amount of data collected will consist of 30 athletes, half of whom are male and half are female. The data wi ll be collected from official boxing sites such as BoxRec. com, which contains the profiles of numerous official boxers and their measurements, which includes their reach and wins and losses. The data for one athlete will consist of his reach and his win/loss record. I will attempt to avoid any professional athletes that are relatively new to the professional stage, so I will be looking at boxers with around at least five years of experience.Once the data has been acquired, the data will be analyzed using different mathematical processes. A scatter plot will be used to plot out said data. The correlation coefficient r will be calculated. The   test of independence will be used to determine if there is a dependency between a boxer’s gender and winning rate. Data | Males| | Boxer| Reach (cm)| Win Rate (%)| 1| 170| 90. 00| 2| 173| 96. 77| 3| 183| 96. 88| 4| 194| 88. 57| 5| 183| 87. 88| 6| 207| 92. 31| 7| 177| 94. 29| 8| 183| 72. 34| 9| 201| 100. 00| 10| 198| 95. 24| 11| 198| 8 0. 77| 2| 179| 86. 21| 13| 179| 89. 29| 14| 183| 87. 88| 15| 180| 89. 66| | Females| | Boxer| Reach (cm)| Win Rate (%)| 1| 165| 89. 47| 2| 161| 86. 67| 3| 167| 66. 04| 4| 166| 75. 00| 5| 162| 81. 25| 6| 168| 93. 33| 7| 163| 76. 47| 8| 162| 75. 00| 9| 159| 88. 46| 10| 167| 86. 21| 11| 176| 80. 95| 12| 171| 83. 87| 13| 168| 82. 61| 14| 166| 78. 95| 15| 169| 90. 48| From the scatter plot using both male and female sets of data, we can predict that the calculated correlation would be weak and that a boxer’s win rate weakly correlates with his/her reach.This can be seen as the data points are spread and plotted quite far from the line of best fit. Math Processes Simple math processes: Average: Males * Reach in centimeters: 170+173+183+194+183+207+177+183+201+198+198+179+179+183+180=2788 2788/15= 185. 8666667 cm * Win rate in percentage: 90. 00+96. 77+96. 88+88. 57+87. 88+92. 31+94. 29+72. 34+100+95. 24+80. 77+86. 21+89. 29+87. 88+89. 66= 1348. 09 1348. 09/15= 89. 87% Average: Fema les * Reach in centimeters: 165+161+167+166+162+168+163+162+159+167+176+171+168+166+169= 2490 2490/15= 166 cm * Win rate in percentage: 89. 7+86. 67+66. 04+75+81. 25+93. 33+76. 47+75+88. 46+86. 21+80. 95+83. 87+82. 61+78. 95+90. 48=1234. 76 1234. 76/15=82. 32 Average: both genders * Reach in centimeters: 2788+2490=5278 5278/30=175. 93 cm * Win rate in percentage: 1348. 09+1234. 76= 2582. 85 2582. 85/30= 86. 095% We can see a small difference in win rate between the genders, with male boxers having a higher win rate by about 7%. We can see a bigger difference between the reach of the two genders but this would most likely be because men tend to grow and develop their bodies naturally larger than women.Standard Deviation: Reach: Males: Sx=170-185. 872+173-185. 872+183-185. 872+194-185. 872†¦180-185. 87215 Sx=10. 626 Females: Sx=165-1662+161-1662+167-1662+166-1662+162-1662†¦169-166215 Sx=4. 163 Both Genders: Sx=170-175. 932+173-175. 932+183-175. 932+194-175. 932†¦169-175 . 93230 Sx=12. 798 We are able to see that the standard deviation is greater for the male boxers female boxers. We can assume that the pieces of data from the men are spread farther from the mean as compared to the data from the women. This means that in regards to the data collected, female boxers seem to be closer n their measured reach as compared to the males. The standard deviation for both groups surpasses the calculated standard deviation for the separate male and female groups, meaning that as a whole range of data, the reaches recorded altogether are even more spread out from the average as compared to the genders separately. Standard Deviation: Win rate: Males: Sx=90-89. 872+96. 77-89. 872+96. 88-89. 872+88. 57-89. 872†¦89. 66-89. 87215 Sx=6. 67 Females: Sx=89. 47-82. 322+86. 67-82. 322+66. 04-82. 322+75-82. 322†¦90. 48-82. 32215 Sx=6. 995 Both Genders: Sy=90. 00-86. 0952+96. 7-86. 0952+96. 88-86. 0952+88. 57-86. 0952†¦90. 48-86. 095230 Sy = 7. 8087 We can s ee from the calculated standard deviations that the standard deviation for the win rate of males and females are close to each other, meaning that both have pieces of data that are similarly far from the calculated mean. In regards to all data recorded regardless of gender, the standard deviation is found to be slightly higher, meaning that the pieces of data for both genders are slightly farther from the mean as compared to the separate gender groups of data. Subject| Reach| Win Rate| xy| | 170| 90| 15300| 2| 173| 96. 77| 16741. 21| 3| 183| 96. 88| 17729. 04| 4| 194| 88. 57| 17182. 58| 5| 183| 87. 88| 16082. 04| 6| 207| 92. 31| 19108. 17| 7| 177| 94. 29| 16689. 33| 8| 183| 72. 34| 13238. 22| 9| 201| 100| 20100| 10| 198| 95. 24| 18857. 52| 11| 198| 80. 77| 15992. 46| 12| 179| 86. 21| 15431. 59| 13| 179| 89. 29| 15982. 91| 14| 183| 87. 88| 16082. 04| 15| 180| 89. 66| 16138. 8| 16| 165| 89. 47| 14762. 55| 17| 161| 86. 67| 13953. 87| 18| 167| 66. 04| 11028. 68| 19| 166| 75| 12450| 20| 162| 81. 25| 13162. 5| 21| 168| 93. 33| 15679. 44| 22| 163| 76. 47| 12464. 1| 23| 162| 75| 12150| 24| 159| 88. 46| 14065. 14| 25| 167| 86. 21| 14397. 07| 26| 176| 80. 95| 14247. 2| 27| 171| 83. 87| 14341. 77| 28| 168| 82. 61| 13878. 48| 29| 166| 78. 95| 13105. 7| 30| 169| 90. 48| 15291. 12| sum| 5278| 2582. 85| 455634| average| 175. 9333| 86. 1| 15187. 8| Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient r: Covariance: x-x(y-y)n or xyn-x y x=175. 93 y=86. 095 xy=455634. 04 455634. 0430=15187. 80133 15187. 80133-175. 9386. 095=41. 10789 Correlation: r=SxySxSy Sxy=41. 10789 Sx=12. 798 Sy=7. 8087 41. 1078912. 798(7. 8087)=. 411344119 r=. 411344119 r2=. 1692039842Correlation coefficient r is calculated to be very weak, meaning that reach and win rate show very little correlation and that a boxer’s reach is not a big factor of his or her chances of victory. With low correlation between a boxer’s reach and win rate, I will now see if gender is a factor of an athlete’s win rate by calculating chi squared. Chi-Square Observed Values | Numerical| Numerical| Total| Category| A| B| A+B| Category| C| D| C+D| Total| A+C| B+D| N| Calculating Expected Values | Numerical| Numerical| Total| Category| (A+B)(A+C)/30| (A+B)(B+D)/30| A+B| Category| (C+D)(A+C)/30| (C+D)(B+D)/30| C+D|Total| A+C| B+D| N| Intervals have been decided by average of the winning rates of the two genders. (82. 32+89. 87)/2=86. 095 Observed Data Values | Win rate > 86%| Win rate ? 86%| Total| Male| 2| 13| 15| Female| 9| 6| 15| Total| 11| 19| 30| Calculated Expected Data Values | Win rate > 86%| Win rate ? 86%| Total| Male| 5. 5| 9. 5| 15| Female| 5. 5| 9. 5| 15| Total| 11| 19| 30| Degrees of Freedom Df=(Rows-1) (Columns-1) (2-1)(2-1) = 1 ?2=fo-fe2fe fo = Observed Frequency fe = Expected Frequency ?2=1-323+7-7. 527. 5+7-4. 524. 5+5-323+8-7. 527. 5+2-4. 524. 5 Chi Square Value Table o| fe| fo-fe| (fe-fe)^2| (fo-fe)^2/fe| 2| 5. 5| 3. 5| 12. 25| 2. 227272727| 13| 9. 5| -3. 5| 12. 25| 1. 289473684| 9 | 5. 5| -3. 5| 12. 25| 2. 227272727| 6| 9. 5| 3. 5| 12. 25| 1. 289473684| | | | sum:| 7. 033492823| ?2= 7. 033 Degrees of freedom= 1 Significance level= 5% 5% significance is used because it is the most common level of significance used. HO= Gender and win rate are independent of each other H1= Gender and win rate are dependent of each other The ? 2 critical value at 5% significance with 1 degrees freedom is found to be 3. 841. The ? 2 value is greater than the critical value: 7. 33>3. 841, the null hypothesis is rejected and it can therefore be assumed that a boxer’s win rate is dependent of his or her gender. Discussion/Validity The investigation carried out to observe the correlation of Win rate and reach and win rate and gender has a few limitations that have affected the outcome of the results. One limitation is that although it is taken into account the reach of each boxer, their size and weight places them in different classes for professional fights. This means that f ighters would normally be fighting people that have similar size, and theoretically, similar reach.With similar reach between two fighting boxers, the outcome of an athlete’s history of fights really could have been affected by other factors such as tactics and strength. Another limitation would be the fact that all of the collected pieces of data are all of high win rates. In boxing records and leagues, if there is a boxer who has won 90% of his matches, there should also be a boxer who has lost that many of his matches as well. The collected data covers 30 pieces. This is done to supply a large amount of data, enough to give reasonably accurate results.Half of the data gathered covered male boxers and the other half covered female for the purpose of investigating the dependency of win rate on gender with chi squared. One limitation in regards to the genders, is that there is no co-ed boxing, meaning that females and males do not compete with each other and are separated int o two genders for boxing matches. Although there is no specified threshold for winning rates in boxing, the intervals decided in the chi squared tables can be justified as the below and above averages for the average win rates of the two genders.Conclusion The found ? 2 value of 7. 033 rejects the null hypothesis, that Win rate for boxers is independent of their gender and accepts the alternative hypothesis, that a boxer’s win rate is dependent of a boxer’s gender. The extent of this calculation is affected by the nature of the data collected. The data that was collected for males and females consisted of high win rate percentages, and in boxing, when there is an individual who has won 70% of his matches, there is sure to be an athlete who has lost 70% of his matches as well.The investigation shows that there is a very low correlation between reaches and win rate for boxers regardless of their gender. This outcome could have been affected because of one of the mentione d limitations above, where boxers of similar size and weight are placed in the same class and fight, so reach becomes less of a factor for victory as compared to strength, speed, and tactics. Works Cited Boxrec Boxing Records Ratings. 4 November 2012 . Boxrec. Boxrec Boxing Records.

Analysis and Historical Context from Second Treatise of Civil Government by John Locke Essay

The previous fragment we’ve read belongs to the work of John Locke, ‘Second Treatise of Civil Government’, who published it anonymously in 1689. It is a work of political philosophy, in which Locke talks about civil society, natural rights and separation of powers. Locke was one of the first empirical philosophers and he believed that the human being was born with no knowledge, and that experience and observation were the base of all human wisdom. In the text, Locke talks about how powers should be separated and not concentrated in the same person (the King) because he would be tempted, and in fact it was happening, to use them just to satisfy his desires. Locke also says that individuals are under no obligation to obey one another, and that we are all born free. He continues talking about how a man has the power to do whatever it takes to preserve himself and others, but always obeying the law of nature. People have the power to overthrow the king if he is not being just with his subjects; people have absolute right to choose a governor, and it should not be all about the ‘great chain of being’, a term Locke finds ridiculous because the governor should be elected by people and not by blood. An absolute monarch is illegitimate because we are all born equals. Locke says that there are three fundamental rights for a human being: life, liberty and property. These ideas were extremely dangerous because they despised the royal way of governing, and that’s the reason why Locke had to publish his work anonymously. They meant a revolution in the mentalities of his time. Locke’s work had a tremendous influence upon the Founding Fathers. Locke’s idea of men being endowed with natural rights had an enormous influence upon the American Declaration of Independence; the rights there enumerated, â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness†, were for Locke â€Å"Life, Liberty and Property†. For Locke, the Founding Fathers and for us, property is synonymous with the pursuit of happiness and liberty, and they wouldn’t be possible without property. This means that natural rights are intertwined and mutually dependent. The loss of any one means the effective loss of the other two. A government that seeks to extort money from its citizens by overtaxing them is imposing upon the liberty of the people. This was the primary reason the Founding Fathers of this nation embarked upon the Revolutionary War. They understood that taxes imposed without the consent of the governed were indeed a grave imposition upon their liberty. Before Locke wrote his work, there had been many absolute monarchs in the throne of England like John in 1199 or James I in 1603, and later James II in 1685. Then, a civil war came during Charles I’s reign from 1642 till 1651. The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with a Republic ruled by Oliver Cromwell. The period called ‘the Protectorate’ may be said when Cromwell was installed as Lord Protector in 1653. From then until his death in 1658, he ruled in a state of conflict with parliaments. On May 1660, the parliament resolved that the government of England ‘ought to be by King, Lords and Commons’. A week later, Charles II was proclaimed king and before the month was out entered London in triumph. Although Charles II’s reign produced the two rival factions, Whig and Tory, from which political parties were later to develop, they were almost identical twins. Each believed as firmly as the other in the maintenance of monarchy; each at different times adopted policies previously pursued by the other. The Restoration of 1660, by restoring crown, church and lords, put Englishmen back once more under a system of government proven unworkable. With a king on the throne who still wanted to govern, and a group of dissatisfied men in parliament who wanted his government to be controlled by them, conflict was hard to avoid. But the civilian revolution did not happen until after Charles II’s death in 1685. King Charles was succeeded by his brother James, who became James II of England and VII of Scotland. James is best known for his belief in absolute monarchy and his attempts to create religious liberty for his subjects against the wishes of the English Parliament. Increasingly members of Britain’s political and religious elite opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded and leading nobles called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands. James fled England (and thus abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his wife (James’s daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. Parliament issued the Bill of Rights, which stipulated the rights and obligations of the monarch. William and Mary reigned jointly till 1694 when Mary died. Then, William continued to reign alone. He died in 1702 and Queen Anne, the daughter of James II and the last Stuart monarch, succeeded William III. She, like Mary, was a Protestant. On May 1707, under the Acts of Union, England and Scotland were united as a single sovereign state, the Kingdom of Great Britain, though Scotland kept its legal system and also the Presbyterian Church. Anne became Great Britain’s first sovereign. All Anne’s children died so that her cousin, Sophia of Hanover was declared her heir. However, Sophia died the same year as Queen Anne and so her son George of Hanover was the one in succeeding Queen Anne becoming George I of England. Basically, this text is a more specific critique of government, stressing the rule of the majority as the most practical choice for government. He identifies three elements necessary for a civil society: a common established law, a known and impartial body to give judgment, and the power to support such judgments. He calls for a government with different branches, including a strong legislature, and an active executive who does not outstrip the lawmakers in power. Toward the end of the Treatise, Locke finally arrives at the question of forming a new government. When the state ceases to function for the people, it dissolve or is overthrown and may be replaced. When the government is dissolved, the people are free to reform the legislative to create a new civil state that works in their best interest. Locke insists that this system protects against random unrest and rebellion because it allows the people to change their legislative and laws without resorting to force.

An Overview Of The Body Shop Marketing Essay

An Overview Of The Body Shop Marketing Essay Introduction Background The Body Shop it has more than 2070 tree brands and offer service for 7700.000 consumers all over the world. The founder was a great woman who was called Anita Ruddick. She travelled though South America in two years. Then she collected her experience in her long journey and found that many women used the natural way to keep their skin. She also was interested in this field. She tried to use the vegetable, fruit or plant to concoct the natural formula. In March 1976, the Ruddick founded her first store at Birmingham; the store sold 15 kinds of products such as jojoba oil, rascal and mud. In April 1984, The BODYSHOP became a listed company and started selling the products to all over the world. The BODYSHOP was a business which has conscience and credit. The BODYSHOP has five principles in its retail and production, they are: Against Animal Testing (The BODYSHOP never do the animal testing, they only used the scientific instruments to do testing on some mode led body of animal.(Ruth,2006) Support Community Trade (the BODYSHOP selling the product at reasonable price. The BODYSHOP brought their resources from some special place such as Brazil, Kenya, and Samoa. They often set up the factory in origin and employed local people who need a job to save their life. It also brought their materials in a fair price. The BODYSHOP helped a lot of people. It also can say it is a charity (Ruth, 2006). Improve Self Esteem (In the advertisement of The BODYSHOP, It is difficult to see models who have beautiful face and thin stature. The Body Shop uses some ‘special’ woman. For example, the advertisement of the total energy pulse point it employed a black lady. Defend Human Right (The BODYSHOP support equality. especially between black and white. The Body Shop made great contribution in support ECPAT(The International Campaign to End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism) Protect the Plant (Protect plant is an aim of this green company . The BODYSHOP published a book, called the Green Book in order to call all the people to protect the plants. Theories Marketing Mix: Marketing Mix was related to a company’s marketing strategy. Marketing mix include 4 parts, place, promotion, price and product. There are often called the four ‘PHS. Product: Paying attention to the features of the product is easier to attract the consumers. Some consumers focus on the after sales service, appearance, packing faction and brand more than before. For example, red is standing for lucky in china. This color always appears in spring festival. Consumers who want to buy some clothes during spring festival think this color may bring lucky for them, so they may willing chose this red clothes more than the other color. Some telephone firm willing offer sales service to consumers to create their credit. Price: Make high profit is the aim of the all the businessman. There are many factors effect the price, such as cost, rent, and capital. These factors affect the producer to adjust the product’s price. The price also affects the consumers. For example, customers attract by discount.

Sports Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sports Communication - Essay Example release was effective since it was current and assessed the officiated events that occurred in the last two minutes of Game 3 of The Finals (NBA, 2015). The last two minutes of Game 3 of The Finals were significant since five points were at stake. However, the release only covered the officiated events. The release also notes the assessment could change upon the review of a new video angle. The design of the release was not attractive since it lacked any visual aids. It also featured long paragraphs. However, the release allows the audience to comment or respond through the NBA Communications Department. The above release was effective since it had a four-day notice to the beginning of the NFL Rookie Symposium. The release also defined and explained the meaning, history, significance, venue, participants, and duration of the NFL Rookie Symposium in details (NFL, 2015). The design of the release was equally attractive since it had a bold headline and short paragraphs. The release bears the NFL logo, a link for further information, and a visible release date. The head of the sports department issued the media release. The release defined the types, timing, and qualifications to sports scholarships in our school. The release sought to attract qualified students to apply for the scholarships. The head of the sports department issued the release at the end of previous academic year at the school’s sports office. The school’s administrator issued the media release. The release explained the termination of the basketball scholarship in our school. The release sought to inform qualified students and other interested parties of the unavailability of the scholarship in our school. The school’s administrator issued the release at the end of previous academic year at the school’s sports office. FIFA. (2015, June 18). Successful FIFA U-20 World Cup set for fitting finale. Retrieved from

Definition of Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definition of Family - Essay Example It is also considered to be a basic and significant unit for bringing up children in a social manner. A family may be classified as a multifocal family in which a mother and the children are present, a conjugal family in which the husband, wife and their children from the members of the family and extended family in which apart from the parents and the children there are other members residing in the family who are originally the members of the parents in this family. A family in which only parents and their children live is called a nuclear family whereas extended families with a wide number of relationships are known as joint families. Family is an important unit of socialization. The term family is used to refer to inclusive categories like nationhood, community, humanism and global villages. A family forms the basic unit for all these categories in a society. Family is also considered to be a significant economic unit which is widely studied under family economics. Many sociological and biological theories have been presented by different scholars to support the concept and evolution of family in the society from the starting of the human civilization till the present day. The biological theory of evolution coined by Darwin is an important theory in the area of evolution of systems of family in the human societies. The concept of family has also evolved in phased of savagery barbarism and civilization as indicated by other anthropologists like Lewis H. Morgan. The concept of family as an important social unit has been recognized most widely in the civilization stage of human progress (Forbes 20). The transformation of the civilized society and a class based society from a primitive community is identified to have been largely driven by the evolution of family systems in the human societies. The function and structure of families are said to depend largely on the

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Response - Essay Example Managing things is the most difficult task, which is exactly why there are so many management principles and guidelines. The most important quality which makes a successful manager is foreseeing risks involved. Failing to do so will lead to the entire failure of the project which no matter manager would want. So there are two ways to calculate risks involved namely qualitative and quantitative analysis. The importance of both has already been seen and it is concluded that qualitative analysis is far better than quantitative analysis; qualitative analysis should be carried by any manager before starting a new project to make sure that the various risks involved in the project are taken into equation and a good strategy is developed to deal with the same. It is also concluded that higher the risk, higher the efforts, which basically means that to deal with higher risks the management team has to put in more efforts to face the same. There are some people who believe that hiding the risk will take the risks out of the equation which is an extremely old concept, management has changed al lot these days and this concept has never worked in the favor of nay manager and it will never work in the favor of any manager in the future too. So this should never be practiced because it will only lead to failure. All the above statements point that it is not fair to say that qualitative risk analysis is better to sell to a manager, the same is proved with an example â€Å"There is a classical example. One large oil company performed a drilling of the well with total cost about $2M. Project schedule has been created based of analogs: drilling of similar wells in the similar geological conditions. At the middle of drilling the mud, required to this technological process, starts disappearing. Project engineers have tried different solutions. It delayed the project so significantly that total cost of the well has almost double d. Later on the

Boys N the Hood Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Boys N the Hood - Movie Review Example Explanation Problems in getting jobs, provocative behaviors in the society and lawless constitutional processes can have detrimental effects on the lives of youth especially of the black people in the American society. This phenomenon is increasing and flourishing in America and it is named as â€Å"America Blaxploitation† in the article Ghettos and Barrios. The movie named â€Å"Boys n the hood† always depicts the same issues taking place in Lon Angeles by showing a boy who got stuck in the criminal gangs of the streets which have nothing to do except for street robberies and fights with the thugs and taking revenge. The theme of the movie is to show that there is no end to the violence and street fighting. The swift ghettoization of the American society is giving emergence to cities within cities and there a lack of write of government. Many of the youth are compelled to join the street clubs as depicted in the movie. In the movie, the child who left her mother and ca me to the father with an intention of a good prospect and future was unable to do so initially because of the bad company. The company compelled him to join the fighting clubs and criminal gangs in the name of â€Å"negro rights†. There is an increasing feeling of deprivation among the black community in America because the governments are not working according to the constitution and the racism is increasingly getting effective day by day. The criminal gangs are making â€Å"city within a city† and he gives the root cause behind this problem as jobless communities and young people who are in search of fame and good career but unable to do so. The movie reflects the urban ghetto cultures which are filled with violence, drugs gentrification due to many problems in real life and anxieties in the society. It was an effort to surface the problem of grave magnitude on the big screen in order to gain the attention of the masses and show them the real happenings in the main s tream cities of America like Los Angeles. It does not only portray the problems of the black rather it also gave a solution to the problem. At the end of the movie, it is shown that if any person wants to avoid the violence and fight, he can do that by simply educating himself in the alignment of the contextual backgrounds of the society. Statements on the big screen of the movie as â€Å"one out of twenty black American gets murdered† and Doughboy (a character in the movie who is into excessive violence and drugs) saw his brother being buried in front of his eyes and he also gets murdered some days ago tries to magnify the effects of mass murdering and negro problems in the American society. According to William Julius Wilson, in the post war scenario, the exodus of the white non poor population from the neighborhoods of the African American people caused great segregations and classification among the society and there were no efforts from the governments to bridge this gap . As a result, the ghetto places felt a feeling of deprivation and they took the method of getting the needs by force rather than by debate and knowledge (McWhorter, 73). Conclusion The segregation and racism can only be depleted in the American s

Teaching Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teaching Practice - Essay Example Unraveling the idea about teacher efficacy however helps a lot in the process of developing a fine and efficient way of teaching students especially that of the second language education. (Milson, 2001, 32) Certainly, teacher efficacy in this sense is assessed as something that is most applicable in every sense of teaching even among age-diversified students. IT could be observed that there are indeed different factors needed to be given constant attention in considering cases of teaching students belonging to different age-bracket. Every factor though leads to the assessment of the efficiency of teachers to handle the situation in a much effective way that would be most beneficial to all the students that he or she handles in class. Education has and will always be an important aspect in the society. This idea is mainly true because of the fact that it ensures an individual sense of responsibility and it promotes independence by equipping individuals in the society valuable knowledge and skills for them to survive and become existent to their purpose. In general perspective, education significantly promotes the development and further advancement of the society as a whole by enabling the young people to become knowledgeable individuals capable of enhancing the current lifestyle and culture of the society (Campbell, 1996, 117). Thus, in like manner, the act and concept of teaching is indeed significant since it is one and the major link between education and the society. Teaching in either private or public educational institutions is always perceived to be a great and respectable profession however; challenges and problems also exist in this field (Colbert, 2006, 216). The recognition of the importance of the concept of teaching to the society is very important because of its significant benefits it offers for the individuals seeking knowledge and education. Secular teaching in the established educational institutions is generally considered by this author as a profession that is well honored and valued by the people. However, many problems and issues are still needed to be address and developed to fully recognize the significance of this concept for the society. Society has always been increasing and the population and likewise its number of students because of which, facilities in the educational institutions must also be expanded to accommodate the said increase. (Ross, 2006, 179) This author believes that every student has their own right to claim and have access to education thus they must be given a way for them to do so. Aside from the classroom, outside facilities must also be given to the student population such as laboratories, athletic fields and others. These facilities will greatly promote the enthusiasm and the educational pursuit of the students and also aid in their complete personal development in different humanistic aspect. DISCUSSIONS AND FURTHER IMPLICATIONS The Idealisms of Teacher Efficacy Teaching, generally also involves the professional and interaction between the students and the teacher wherein it is culturally perceived that the teacher has the authority over the situation (Guskey, 1993, 6). However, this

Comparison and Contrast (Point by Point) exactly four points Essay

Comparison and Contrast (Point by Point) exactly four points - Essay Example This paper will discuss how men and women shop for essentials, how they treat shopping as relaxation or socialization and what they consider important when buying things. Women have been dubbed as extravagant because of their role in the household. As the gender which was predominantly thought of as housekeepers and child caregivers, women went to the grocery store more often than men. They would think about everybody’s needs and they buy everything that the whole household needs (Brennan). This spares the men from going to the market or the mall. When men need to buy their own essentials, they would seldom think about the other members of the family so that they are often focused on one department when they go shopping, making them stay for a shorter period of time compared to women. On the contrary, women often shop their own needs including the needs of other loved ones so that they would need to go to the ladies’ department, children’s wears, men’s clothes as well as the groceries in just one shopping spree. This means that norms demanded women to shop more than men, buying almost everybody’s needs while men wou ld sometimes go shopping but not for everybody. Meanwhile, feminism and modernization brought changes not only in family arrangements but how men act as consumers as well. According to Todd Hale, senior vice president of the Nielsen Company, â€Å"men (are) facing higher unemployment than women (therefore) they are taking a more active role in household duties†. Nevertheless, statistics show that the spending of males in 2004 has not changed much in 2010 although there is a slight increase in the number of male consumers in dollar, supercenter, grocery and other products. This strengthens the point made earlier that the role of women as housekeepers makes shopping a part of their daily business and therefore they

Analysis of Walmart leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Walmart leadership - Research Paper Example Further, he convinces them to change their perceptions, and expectations in the process of achieving a common goal. According to Bass, the transformational leadership is made up of several elements such as; focusing on vital priorities, promoting harmony and unity, motivating followers/workers to focus on a common organization goal, and being consistent in decision making. Thus, transformational leadership moves the subject/follower beyond their immediate self interests via inspiration, individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation. Also, transactional leadership tends to refer to the mutual relationship between the follower and the leader to exchange ideas so as to meet their self interests (Bass, 1985; Yammarino et al., 1993). Transformational leadership tends to produce greater positive effects than other leadership styles. The leaders at Walmart utilize this leadership style while running the organization. The transformational theory is made up of four critical elements; inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, idealized influence and individualized consideration. Transformational leadership often leads to excellent performance that tends to go beyond the expected outcomes. Lowe et al. (1996) in his analysis of more than 39 studies done to evaluate transformational theory and leadership found out that leaders who exhibited transformational characteristics proved to be more effective leaders than those who did not. Further he stated that these findings were applicable to both higher and lower level leaders as well as to mangers/leaders working in private and public settings. Tracey and Hinkin (1994, 1996) sought to analyze the nature and formation of transformational leadership in the hospitality industry. Their findings indicated that organizational success in the hospitality business industry required leaders who were able to utilize their vision and recognize the relevant environmental changes and how to manage them

Use of Measurement Essay Example for Free

Use of Measurement Essay A measurement is a way of obtaining data that are used in researches and data analysis. Measurement is regarded to be an estimate most of the time. The reason behind the idea is that precision in measuring a certain object during a time interval is not as good as the measurement taken after the said time interval or for another time interval. Researchers, experimenters and even nonprofessional persons all have the same goal; to make good estimates of the object they are measuring (Hoult, 2009). In physics, one does not only measure an object as it is. The person measuring the object needs to put in his mind the right unit of measure should he or she use. An example is a bucket. A bucket has different attributes that can be measured. Some of these attribute are the weight, mass, volume, area (surface area), density, length, etc. This attributes can be measured but there are many units of measure involve in each of the attributes. Standard units of measure are developed so that the confusion between what unit of measure to be used is resolved (Jones, 1998). The following are the standard unit of measure for a certain attribute: Weight – Kilograms Mass – Kilograms Volume – Liters Area – square meters Length – meters As said above, measurement is a way of obtaining data. One cannot obtain the right data without the right tool to be used. As with measurement, a right measurement instrument must be used in order to get the right data and in order to estimate with precision and accuracy the object that you want to measure. The following attributes that are stated can be measured with the use of the right measuring instrument. For clarification, weight is not the same as mass. Weight is the amount of mass that is present when it is suspended in a spring scale when acted upon by the earth’s gravity. On the other hand, mass is the amount of matter present in an object. Weight is measured with the use of spring scale or a weighing scale. The value of the weight in the earth can be the same as the value of the mass. But once the force acting on the object changes the value of the weight will change and the mass will stay the same. Generally, masses like mass of a person can be obtained by the use of the same instrument used in measuring weight in earth. Volume can be measured by the use of some known instruments like measuring cup for liquid, pipette for liquid, graduated cylinder (for liquid and solid) and pneumatic trough for gases. Area is measured by the use of a planimeter. Length is usually measured by the use of instruments like ruler, tape measure, meter stick, yard stick etc (Fuchs, 1996). The attributes being measured is deeply related to the unit of measure being used. First, the attributes maybe too large or too small for unit of measure, in that case there are other units of measure given. The hierarchies of units are given in a unit system. There are two unit systems that are popular today. The SI system and the English system give a complete list of all the unit of measures according to the quantity (Abbot, 2003). Some of the attributes of the bucket can only be obtained by the use of measuring devices. Other attributes, however, can be obtained with the use of some formulas. For example: Volume and area can be obtained by formulas like V = 1/2? r2h, and A = 2? rh + ? r2. The formula for the volume is obtained by the use of the formula for the volume of a cylinder. Bucket is usually cylindrical in shape. The formula for the area is obtained by using the formula of the surface area of an open cylinder. Other formulas can be obtained for the attributes of the bucket. Another example is the density of the bucket. In general, the density is equal to the mass divided by the volume of the bucket. Since mass can be obtained with the use of a measuring device and volume can be obtained with the use of the given formula then one can solve for the density of the bucket with the general formula (Manura, 2005). Another concept that should be discussed is approximation and estimation. As said earlier, measurements are always an estimate. Approximation and estimation are very important concepts regarding measurements because they will be the basis of the accuracy and precision of a measurement. One does not get accurate and precise results all the time with the use of measuring devices. There might be errors that can come up from time to time. To properly record results obtained using measuring devices, one must take note of the errors in measurements and put it in the resulting measure to obtain a more precise and accurate result. Results should be written in the form: result + uncertainty. For example, if a buckets height according to a 9 different rulers is 20 centimeters. And another reading from a different ruler is 20. 3 centimeters. Then the resulting measurement should be 20 Â ± 0. 3 centimeters (Hoult, 2009). References Abbot, D. (2003). Assessing Student Understanding of Measurement and Uncertainty. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www. compadre. org/precollege/items/detail. cfm? ID=4417 Fuchs, H. (1996). The Dynamics of Heat. New York: Springer Hoult, D. (2009). Measurements. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www. saburchill. com/physics/chapters/0065. html Jones, N. (1998). Units of Measurement. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www. sli. unimelb. edu. au/planesurvey/prot/formulae/unit1. html Manura, D. (2005). Areas, Volumes, Surface Areas. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://math2. org/math/geometry/areasvols. htm

Native Americans and European Colonists Essay Example for Free

Native Americans and European Colonists Essay At the start of the seventeenth century, Native Americans greeted European settlers with much excitement. They regarded settlers as strange, but were interested to learn about the new tools and weapons Europeans brought with them. The native people were more than accommodating to the settlers, but as time passed, Europeans took advantage of their generosity. â€Å"Once these newcomers disembarked and began to feel their way across the continent, they forever altered the course and pace of native development. † Native Americans and Europeans faced many conflicts due to their vast differences in language, religion and culture. European settlers’ inability to understand and respect Native Americans lead to many struggles that would eventually erupt into violent warfare. Many natives thought the armed Europeans would be able to protect them from their more powerful native enemies. In many cases, Europeans did help natives in warfare. Samuel de Champlain, a critical figure in the establishment of the New France colony, aided the Montganais, Algonkaian and Hurons in their fight against the Iroquois. Champlain and his tribes used European firearms to frighten and defeat their enemies. â€Å"The Iroquois were much astonished that two men should have been killed so quickly, although they were provided with shields made of cotton thread woven together and wood, which were proof against their arrows. † In decades to come, Europeans were not be so friendly toward Native Americans, using firearms to take native lands and resources. Native Americans relied on â€Å"gift exchange† system that allowed different tribes to specialize in the production of a certain goods. They would trade their goods with other native tribes. Native Americans hoped to incorporate Europeans into this system. For a while, natives did trade skins and hides, receiving wampum, sacred blue and white shell beads, in exchange from the settlers. â€Å"Exchange is meant not only the trading of material goods but also exchanges across community lines of marriage partners, resources, labor, ideas, techniques and religious practices. † Natives generously shared their belongings, supplies, food, and the skills necessary for survival in the New World with the settlers. In exchange, settlers gave Natives disease, death and robbed them of their lands. Within ten years of the first arrival of European settlers, the Natives welcome had worn out. The settlers had appeared on the scene with two objectives in mind in regards to the Native Americans: obtain their land and convert them to Christianity. Europeans judged natives for their different language, their lack of clothing, and the absence of government and religion in their society. The Europeans established their own set of laws on native soil and held natives accountable to these laws. Any breach of European law by Natives residing in the area resulted in public humiliation, a practice unfamiliar to Native society. More complications accumulated due to their vast differences in language, religion and culture, but it was the differing views of land, that caused violent conflict. With more and more Europeans arriving in America, they needed more land to settle and grow crops. Also, at this time, the demand of tobacco was greatly increasing. The tobacco industry amounted for most of the settlers’ exports. To grow tobacco, settlers needed large plots of land. In the Native American’s eyes, the land was to be shared with the European. Natives had no understanding of the selling of land to European settlers. Europeans used this to their advantage, acquiring large plots of land without fully explaining the terms of the negotiation to the natives, or properly paying them. At first, natives sold land to Europeans, believing that this agreement would still allow them to use the land. Later, they realized that Europeans were rapidly establishing private uses on these lands. Colonists strongly objected to native settlements on the lands that they hoped to establish businesses on. Many more problems arose since the arrival of Europeans in America. Europeans introduced a variety of deadly diseases to North America that Native Americans had never been exposed to before. The colonists and explorers brought measles, smallpox, cholera, and yellow fever, which drastically devastating the Native American population. â€Å"The collected wisdom of generations could vanish in a matter of days if sickness struck older members of the community who kept sacred traditions and taught special skills. † Not only did the natives fear for their own lives, they feared for the future generations of native people. They feared that their traditions and culture would be forever lost. The relationship between Native Americans and Europeans began as a way for Europeans to learn about the lands they wished to inhabit. Natives can be given credit for teaching the first settlers how to survive in the new land. Due to the greed and arrogance of the European settlers, relations with natives turned sour. This struggle of co-existence would continue into the nineteenth century, resulting in the devastating mistreatment of Native Americans. [ 1 ]. James H. Marrell, â€Å"The Indians New World,† Major Problems in American History, (Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012), 17. [ 2 ]. Samuel de Champlain, The Works of Samuel de Champlain (Toronto, 1925), 89–101. [ 3 ]. Neal Salisbury, â€Å"The Indians Old World,† Major Problems in American History, (Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012), 25. [ 4 ]. Collin G. Calloway, â€Å"Voices from the Shore,† The World Turned Upside Down, (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1994), 21. [ 5 ]. Marrell, â€Å"The Indians New World,† 18.

Audible Clicking Sound in Psychogenic Palatal Tremor

Audible Clicking Sound in Psychogenic Palatal Tremor Abstract Palatal tremor, commonly called palatal myoclonus, is a rare movement disorder characterized by rhythmic contractions of the soft palate and associated with variable objective tinnitus. It may be categorized as symptomatic, essential or psychogenic. Mostly it is symptomatic because of secondary damage in brainstem or cerebellum; rarely it can be essential in the absence of brain lesions. We describe a case of young boy, who presented with palatal tremor with objective tinnitus. Most of the movement disorders may raise suspicion of psychogenic nature and vice-versa, however, this case highlights the need of careful history and keen observation of movements. Key Words: Palatal tremor; Palatal myoclonus; Psychogenic disorder; Objective tinnitus Introduction Palatal tremor is also known as palatal myoclonus. The term palatal tremor is appropriate because it correlates better with the neurophysiological study. It is a rare movement disorder characterized by rhythmic contractions of soft palate and associated with variable audible clicking sound. It may be classified into essential, symptomatic or psychogenic type. Mostly palatal tremor is symptomatic because of secondary damage in brainstem or cerebellum. Rarely, it is categorized as essential in which no brain abnormality is identified. There have also been reports of psychogenic palatal tremor in association with other neuropsychiatric illnesses [1]. Case Presentation An 18-year-old boy born out of non-consanguineous marriage with normal birth and developmental milestone, presented with loud audible clicking sound and abnormal palatal movement for six months. These movements used to worsen during stress and improve with sleep. He had no abnormal behaviour, mood disorders, seizures or abnormal limb movement. There was no history of similar illness or psychiatric disorder in family members. The oropharyngeal examination showed abnormal high frequency (approximately 100 Hz) palatal movement on both sides [Video]. There was associated rhythmic contraction of soft palate, tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini muscles. These movements were associated with loud audible clicking sound (tinnitus). During examination, suggestion (inducing by thinking of it) and distraction (mind diversion by concentrating on motor and cognitive functions like performing complex movements, reading, thinking or calculations) methods were used to demonstrate voluntary control of these movements. The patient was asked to voluntarily suppress and induce these movements. Surprisingly, he was able to suppress and induce these movements. Cumulative examination findings (suggestibility, distractibility, worsening during stress, suppression during sleep) demonstrated voluntary control of palatal movement. Rest of the findings including general physical, otolaryngological and neurological examinations were unremarkable. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry including transaminases, lactate and pyruvate, ammonia, ceruloplasmin and copper levels, plasma amino acids, thyroid function tests and antinuclear antibody (ANA) were normal. Slit lamp examination did not show K-F (Kayser–Fleischer) ring. Audiometry and electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain with thin cuts focusing on brainstem [Figure 1] and MR angiography were normal. The patient was uncooperative for electromyography (EMG) study. Psychiatric opinion including detailed psychological analysis was obtained. Finally, a diagnosis of psychogenic palatal myoclonus was made. He was counselled along with placebo therapy. He was asymptomatic at discharge. After six months followup, he is symptoms free. Discussion Palatal tremor, also known as palatal myoclonus, is an abnormal movement of the soft palate. The term â€Å"palatal tremor† is more appropriate because it corresponds better with the electromyographic (EMG) characteristics of the rhythmic movements. It may be classified into essential, symptomatic (secondary) or psychogenic. Deuschl et al described that the movement of the soft palate is due to contraction of tensor veli palatini muscle in essential palatal tremor and contraction of levator veli palatini muscle in secondary palatal tremor [2, 3]. The contraction of these muscles result in closure of eustachian tubes and produce audible clicking sound. Essential type of palatal tremor mostly occur in children. The patients with essential palatal tremor usually have an audible ear clicking sound (objective tinnitus). Although essential palatal tremor has a benign course and usually disappears spontaneously, it is very annoying for the patient as well as to the bystander due to continuous audible clicking sound. The brain is normal in essential palatal tremor. It is usually bilateral and disappears during sleep. The etiopathology of essential palatal tremor is not known. Fernandez-Alvarez classified essential palatal tremor under transient primary movement disorders of childhood [4]. The symptomatic or secondary palatal tremor is mostly seen in adult males. It is usually associated with hypertrophy of the inferior olives; however, its precise role in causing palatal tremor has not been established [5]. It can be a consequence of trauma, infections, encephalitis [6], degenerative lesions, vascular, Krabbe’s disease [7] or tumors of the cerebellum [8] or brainstem. Usually, there is no associated audible tinnitus and movements persist during sleep. It is usually unilateral and associated with neurological deficits. Many movement disorders raise suspicion of psychogenic nature and vice-versa; palatal tremor can also be a part of psychogenic spectrum. Few cases of psychogenic palatal tremor have been described in the literature [9, 10]. The closest differential diagnosis is essential palatal tremor, which may have audible clicking sound, disappear during sleep and have normal neuroimaging studies. Voluntary inhibition of palatal tremor is also possible in some cases of essential palatal tremor [11]. Psychogenic palatal tremor often have various psychiatric symptoms (anxiety disorders). These movements are characterized by variable frequency, increased during stress and attention, suppression when distracted; disappear during sleep, marked improvement with placebo and psychotherapy. During examination, suggestion (inducing by thinking of it) and distraction (mind diversion by concentrating on cognitive and motor functions like thinking, reading, calculations or performing complex movements) method s can be used on patients to demonstrate voluntary control of these movements. Our patient had acquired special motor skills to both induce and suppress voluntarily rather than inhibition of involuntary movements. These showed complete voluntary control of movements and suggested a psychogenic etiology. The underlying psychiatric illness is a conversion disorder in most of the cases described in literature. The possibility of essential palatal tremor is ruled out by detailed clinical, psychological and laboratory examination. Our patient improved abruptly on suggestion, placebo and psychotherapy. Psychogenic palatal tremor is a treatable disorder. A detailed psychoanalysis should be an essential part of management [12]. The patient should be managed with a combination of psychotherapy, anxiolytics and antipsychotic drugs. The psychogenic palatal tremor usually responds well to placebo and psychotherapy. Conclusion Palatal tremor is attributed to organic lesion of the brain; however, occasionally it may be due to psychogenic etiology. In our patient, movements were intermittent; used to worsen during attention, suppress during distraction and voluntary control on suggestion. All these features suggest psychogenic palatal tremor. Here we emphasize the detailed clinical and psychogenic evaluation of the patient and need for psychiatric treatment in these cases. Figure and Video Legends Figure 1. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain with contrast showed normal study. T1-weighted (a), T2-weighted (b), Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) (c) and T1-contrast (d). Video Clip. The oropharyngeal examination showed high frequency (approximately 100 Hz) palatal movement on both sides. There is associated rhythmic contraction of soft palate, tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini muscles. These movements are associated with loud audible clicking sound (tinnitus). During examination, suggestion by thinking of it and distractions in form of mind diversion by concentrating on motor and cognitive functions like performing complex movements, reading, thinking or calculations were used to demonstrate voluntary control of these movements. He was able to suppress and induce these movements voluntarily. References 1. Richardson SP, Mari S, Matsuhashi M, Hallett M. Psychogenic palatal tremor. Mov Disord.2006;21(2):274–276. 2. Deuschl G, Toro C, Valls-Solà © J, Zeffiro T, Zee DS, Hallett M. Symptomatic and essential palatal tremor. Clinical, physiological and MRI analysis. Brain. 1994;117(Pt 4):775–788. 3. Deuschl G, Mischke G, Schenck E, Schulte-Mà ¶nting J, Là ¼cking CH. Symptomatic and essential rhythmic palatal myoclonus. Brain. 1990;113(Pt 6):1645–1672. 4. Fernà ¡ndez-Alvarez E. Movement disorders in children: Recent advances in management. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76(5):531–536. 5. Lapresle J. Rhythmic palatal myoclonus and the dentato-olivary pathway. J Neurol.1979;220(4):223–230. 6. Baram TZ, Parke JT, Mahoney DH. Palatal myoclonus in a child: Herald of acute encephalitis.Neurology. 1986;36(2):302–303. 7. Yamanouchi H, Kasai H, Sakuragawa N, Kurokawa T. Palatal myoclonus in Krabbe disease. Brain Dev. 1991;13(5):355–358. 8. Deuschl G, Jost S, Schumacher M. Symptomatic palatal tremor is associated with signs of cerebellar dysfunction. J Neurol. 1996;243(7):553–556. 9. Schwingenschuh P, Pont-Sunyer C, Surtees R, Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP. Psychogenic movement disorders in children: A report of 15 cases and a review of the literature. Mov Disord.2008;23(13):1882–1888. 10. Richardson SP, Mari S, Matsuhashi M, Hallett M. Psychogenic palatal tremor. Mov Disord.2006;21(2):274–276. 11. Samuel M, Kleiner-Fisman G, Lang AE. Voluntary control and a wider clinical spectrum of essential palatal tremor. Mov Disord. 2004;19(6):717–719. 12. Campistol-Plana J, Majundar A, Fernandez-Alvarez E. Palatal tremor in childhood: Clinical and therapeutic considerations. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(12):982–984. 1

The Importance of Social Class Exposed in The Canterbury Tales Essay

Social class was the foundation of everyday life during the Middle Ages. Social class played a significant role in the lives of medieval people. The aristocracy class and the immoral lower class were often viewed by society as practically different races. In The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer shows the wide variance among the classes in every aspect of their daily lives. The zeitgeist of the Middle Ages can be seen through his illustration of differences between classes in moral behavior, economic power, the autonomy and education of women during the Middle Ages. In today’s society the differences in morals between the rich and the poorer classes are virtually non-existent, but during Medieval times â€Å"morals and, above all, the virtues at its center, played an important role not only for distinguishing between good and bad, but, more importantly, even for the structuring of society† (Virtus 1). The aristocracy class and the immoral poor class had morals but how they demonstrated them varied; the aristocratic class used chivalry as the basis of their morals, while the immoral poor class did not. Chivalry was not only a code of conduct for those who followed it; chivalry was a way of life. ‘Chivalry first arose in Europe during the Crusades. Chivalry dealt with loyalty honor, and service to women on and off the battle field’ (â€Å"The Medieval Period: 1066-1485† 76). The Knight in The Canterbury Tales is the perfect example of someone who follows the code of chivalry. Chaucer describes him with much admi ration as â€Å"a most distinguishable man, who from the day on which he first began to ride abroad had followed chivalry, truth, honor generousness and courtesy† (Chaucer, "The Prologue." 117). While Chaucer praises the knight for ... ... the class system. Works Cited Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Trans. R. M. Lumiansky. New York: Washington Square Press, 1971. Print. Chaucer, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Prologue.† The Canterbury Tales. Trans. Nevill Coghill. Literature: The British Tradition. Ed. Roger Babusci et al. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1994. 115-136. Print. â€Å"The Medieval Period: 1066-1485.† Literature: The British Tradition. Ed. Roger Babusci etal. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1994. 69-79. Print. "The Middle Ages: Feudal Life." Learner.org. Annenberg Foundation, 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. Virtus: Moral Limitations of the Political Sphere in the Middle Ages. Thesis. Bielefeld Universit. Silke Schwandt: Bielefeld University. Print. Wheelock, Stephanie. Advanced English 12: Humanities. Eden Prairie High School. Eden Prairie. March 2012. Class discussion.

Creating a Writing Technolgy :: Invention Inventing Writing Essays

Creating a Writing Technolgy This paper is an analysis of the assignment given to "create" a writing technology. The attempt must be made to write a twenty (or fewer) word text using natural materials only, that is, materials that have not been processed, produced, or man-made. The goal is to create a writing technology that uses natural materials, that has permanence, that is legible, and finally, that is creative. I stumbled onto my "paper" when I found large pieces of bark that had fallen off tall trees on campus. The piece I collected was approximately three feet long by one foot wide. The condition of my "paper" was rather poor. The exterior surface was rough and gnarled - impossible to write on - and the interior surface, though while overall it was smooth, was rusty brown with various discolorations and had slight raises and bumps in its surface. The bark was cracked along the length of it in many places and ready to break apart if it were to be dropped. With such a unique surface, I found it interesting that I had taken the quality of good paper for granted. Mark Twain describes his experience of buying a new writing device - a typewriter. Yet he makes no comment on the paper he used (500-3). No doubt the paper he used was of much poorer quality than the paper found today, yet Mark Twain makes no mention of how the typewriter worked on the paper of his day. Perhaps it was a nonissue, that in the same way that I take for granted the good quality of paper today, Mark Twain also took for granted the paper he had available. This experience is consistent with Dennis Baron's view that "we have a way of getting so used to writing technologies that we come to think of them as natural rather than technological" (51). Whether it was paper produced today or in the day of Mark Twain, respectively we were so familiar with the quality of the existing writing mediums that little consideration is given to the materials themselves - as long as they work. Now faced with a project of writing on a piece of bark, my assumptions were suddenly removed and I was able to examine writing as a truly laborious process. In choosing my "ink", I desired a fruit or vegetable that would be easily obtainable, and that would permanently stain the bark.

Perpetuation of Native American Stereotypes in Childrens Literature Es

Perpetuation of Native American Stereotypes in Children's Literature Caution should be used when selecting books including Native Americans, due to the lasting images that books and pictures provide to children. This paper will examine the portrayal of Native Americans in children's literature. I will discuss specific stereotypes that are present and should be avoided, as well as positive examples. I will also highlight evaluative criteria that will be useful in selecting appropriate materials for children and provide examples of good and bad books. Children will read many books as they grow up. They take from these books visual images and these images are their perceptions, which can last a lifetime. There are too many books featuring painted, whooping Indians wearing feathers and attacking forts, or maliciously scalping peaceful settlers. There are also too many books in which white benevolence is the only thing that saves the day for the incompetent childlike Indian. Teachers, librarians, parents, baby-sitters, relatives, and anyone else who buys a child a book must be aware of the perceptions each book will provide a child. In her book Through Indian Eyes: The Native Experience for Children, Doris Seale states, "It is no longer acceptable for children both Native and non-Native to be hurt racist ideologies which justify and perpetuate oppression." There are many books in children's libraries today that perpetuate the stereotypical Native American. By definition, a stereotype is a "fixed image, idea, trait, or convention, lacking originality or individuality, most often negative, which robs individuals and their cultures of human qualities and promotes no real understanding of social rea... ...ay as to be needlessly offensive, insensitive, or inappropriate? 10. Does the material contain much of value but require additional information to make it more relevant or useful? (Library Services Institute for Minnesota Indians, 1970, pp. iv-v) Works Cited Berkhoffer, Robert F. 'The White Man's Indian. Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, New York: 1978. Dowd, Frances Smardo. "Evaluating Children's Portraying Native American and Asian Cultures". Childhood Education; (68 Summer 92), pp. 219-224. Library Services Institutefor Minnesota Indians. Guidelines for Evaluating Multicultural Literature: 1970, pp. iv-v. Norton, Donna. 'Through the Eyes of a Child. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffes, New Jersey: 1995. Seale, Doris. Through Indian Eyes: The Native Experience in Books for Children. New Society Publisher, Philadelphia, PA: 1992.

The Dork Continent Book Review

Upon hearing the title of the book, one might assume that it will focus on the decolonization of Africa. Africa is known as the â€Å"dark continent† because it remained a mystery to European explorers for an extensive amount of time. Instead, Mark Mazower's Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century, focuses on Europe in the 20th century, as the title notes, and provides a historical and political analysis of the modern European state from the end of the First World War up until the time of publishing the book in 1988.Mazower, a young British author and historian, has taught at the University of Sussex and Princeton, and is a prize-winning author for his book Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-1944. The principal thesis of Dark Continent is that the victorious reign of democracy in Europe was not predestined, but emerged significantly from the endless struggle between ethnic groups and nations, as well as three rival theologies- Nazism, Communism, and Democracy.Mazower's thesis suggests that democracy is not the essential preferred method of political organization, even when empires were falling and nations reorganizing after the devastation of World War I. Of the three ideologies, Mazower concludes that Communism was the closest to being satisfactory in both theory and practice. The book begins with the discussion of the rise and fall of democracy. The struggle between the three ideologies was at the core of European twentieth century history.Preceding the the first World War, Europe only had three republics; by the end of 1918 there were thirteen. Even so, democracy was unable to secure itself during inter-war years. Liberalism was â€Å"short-lived† and â€Å"democratic values disappeared as political polarization brought much of Europe to the verge of civil war. Mazower notes that in 1930, Weimar's Chancellor Hermann Muller warned that â€Å"a democracy without democrats is an internal and external danger†; but the founders of post-war constitutionalism had not given much thought to the matter.For many conservatives, the problem with democracy was simply due to â€Å"the power it gave the masses in the supposed incompatibility of democracy and authority. † The conservatives also feared that democracy â€Å"placed too much stress on rights and not enough on duties. † According to Mazower, the collapse of liberal democracy was the result of its focus on process rather than on results. In Mazower's view, Russian liberals â€Å"assume mistakenly that a deep rooted social crisis could be solved by offering ‘the people' constitutional liberties†(23).The consequence was that, at the end of the 20s was that the new nations that came about after the Versailles peace treaties came to be ruled by authoritarian regimes rather than democratic governments. The emergence of fascist and communist leaders with policies regarding state control of resources was unavoidable. For th e citizens that were tired of the war and failed attempts of democracy, men like Stalin, Hitler, Lenin, and Mussolini provided new hope for a stabilization in Europe.The pursuits of fascists like Hitler and Mussolini and the lesser in Eastern European nations may be reprehensible, Mazower admits, but it is at least comprehensible. What these dictators were doing was little different from what their predecessors in England, France, Russia, and even Belgium had done for the past half century: culminating European imperial expansion that began in the 1870s. By the late 1930s, it was evident that liberal democracy had lost its reign in Europe. Hitler's New Order appeared to be Europe's future. Mazower argues that even in December 1919 Lenin saw that â€Å"both terror and the Cheka [are] †¦ ndispensable† tools to maintain the permanent dictatorship of the bourgeois. Furthermore, â€Å"the scientific term ‘dictatorship', means nothing more or less than authority untramm eled by any laws, absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever and based directly on force† (page 24). With that said, Mazower notes that â€Å"communism turned out to be the last, and perhaps highest stage of imperialism. Mazower does an exceptional job at giving his view of Hitler. I found this to be a successful way of supporting his thesis. What I found to be odd was the way he described the works of Hitler.I would assume that he would clearly show his disapproval of the matter, rather he seems to approach the issue lightly. Mazower makes an attempt to make us see that Hitler's belief that Germany's destiny depended on the geographic replacement of Slavs in Ukraine. Moreover, Mazower suggests that â€Å"the Second World War did not start because of diplomatic misunderstanding or confusion, nor even because of Hitler's deceit or duplicity. Rather it started because Hitler's opponents realized they were faced with â€Å"a clash of two worlds†-Berlin and London(82). What I did like about the book was the fact that Mazower explained the cause of communism's fall really well. I was a bit confused before of exactly what events sparked the fall, but I was surely aware and understood fully after reading this thoughtful book. As mentioned before, I found that Mazower seemed to praise Hitler's actions, suggesting that he was not part of the cause for World War II, but puts the blame on Hitler's opponents. It makes me question what side of the field Mazower is playing. Nevertheless, the book was a great read and provided an exuberant amount of historical background in Europe.

Analysis ofthe play “Spring Awakening” by Frank Wedekind Essay

Frank Wedekind’s play Spring Awakening represents an adult’s reflection on childhood, the repercussions of ignorance, and the consequence of inhibiting the spread of knowledge to those without it. Although very brief and lacking in extreme detail, this work has a profound aura; it leaves the reader with thoughts of how things could have resolved themselves better had key characters acted differently. It also gives a sense of the sanctity of youth and the dangers of growing up too fast. When we are forced to learn on our own, without the guidance of those who we desperately need it from, do we end up in irreversible positions that we never could have fathomed in the first place? This play gives definitive answers to all the questions surrounding the coming of age, the Spring Awakening. Looking at childhood (namely adolescence), from both an outside perspective and inside, reveals just how differently children and adults view the world. The children in this play see the world as full of discoveries that need to be made in order to grow up. In addition, they don’t necessarily want to find out all these things on their own. The guidance of the adult figures, e.g. teachers and parents, is sorely missed by the children in the story. When trying to learn where children come from, the character Wendla naturally turns to her mother. Rather than even attempt to answer her daughter’s question, Frau Bergman immediately succumbs to the awkwardness of the situation and delivers a short, circumventing monologue. It is an attempt to deter her daughter, not to enlighten her. It is apparent to the children that they cannot look to their parents for help, and so they must learn on their own. The teachers in the story are no better. Upon the suicide of one of the schoolboys, it is found that a certain one of his friends has supplied him with a complete manual of the human reproductive system. The reaction on the part of the schoolmasters and teachers is to expel the student immediately. A meeting between the student, Melchior, and the teachers reveals that the teachers have no interest in hearing what he has to say. The subject of human sexuality is simply too explicit to be discussed by non-adults, regardless of its level of accuracy on the part of the child. The final result is that even though he has done nothing wrong, indeed, he has figured  sex out for himself, Melchior is sent to a reformatory. It seems that the children are trapped in a cycle of ignorance and punishment. They are given no help by the ones they trust, and when they figure anything out on their own, they are chastised for being essentially â€Å"out of line.† Their only way to enlightenment lies in self-discovery and consequent punishment. However, the punishment some of them receive is simply too great for anyone of such an age. The harshest reality of the entire story lies in Wendla. After her mother’s failure to share any knowledge with her, she is raped by Melchior. However, she was told that she needed to love a man more deeply than she was capable of in order to have a child. She has no idea that she is with child, and once again her mother fails to help her. Her mother lies to her once more, this time insisting that she has anemia. Finally, though, when it no longer matters, her mother tells her that she is pregnant. Shortly after, Wendla is killed by a failed abortion. Her life was the price she had to pay in order to find the answer to the one question she wanted to know more than anything. By keeping her daughter in the dark, Frau Bergman has destroyed what should be most important to her. In addition, she has stolen the chance for Wendla to ever grow up. The process of growing, the sacrament of the naivete that only children posses, has completely ended for Wendla. That is something that can never be replaced, and it is also something for which one can never be forgiven. Knowledge is meant to be spread. Nobody is meant to be left ignorant of the world around them. This play shows that ignorance is the most powerful tool we have to aid in our own demise.

Pips visit to Satis House Essay

Discuss how the theme of class is developed through Pip’s visit to Satis House ‘Great Expectations’ is a novel was written in the early 1860’s. The novel was written in the early 1860’s. The genre of ‘Great Expectation’ is a bildungsroman. This essay will be discussing how the theme of social class is developed through Pip’s visit to Satis House. Dickens’ aim was to show the corruption in English society at the time and he displays it through Pip’s, the main character, visits to Satis house, a house owned by a mysterious, middle classed woman with a beautiful daughter that is bemused by Pip’s appearance and lower class and therefore abuses him for it. Dickens portraits the upper class as evil, selfish villains in the novel and is on the lower class peoples side, always revealing the disgraceful riches the upper class owned while the poor got poorer. â€Å"Great Expectations† portrays the great escalation in the social hierarchy of a young lad named Pip as he progresses in his life, Starting as an orphan and apprentice blacksmith, his horizons are widened through contact with the upper classes. He strives to better himself and make that most difficult of journeys across the boundaries of class. Great Expectations is a social commentary that gives a strong opinion on society. It will also discuss Charles Dickens’ message of how he views the upper, middle and working classes. Dickens was brought up in a working class background. There was a noticeable division between classes in the early 19th century. Upper class people were able to stay at home without having to go to work. The middle class were able to stand over the working class (who did all the work) and live off the money they earned for them working in their mines, factories or farms. Working class citizens lived in small houses with only one or two rooms within the whole house, In ‘Great Expectations’, Charles Dickens portrays the upper classes through the characters of Miss. Havisham and Estella. Estella, like Pip is an orphan, however, unlike him, she has had a background of privilege typical for a Victorian upper class child. Pip is a classic example of the lowest level of a working class child; he’s an orphan, lives a miserable life with his obnoxious and beastly sister, and gets abused by everyone that sees him. ‘Universal struggle,’ this is how Pip describes life as a desolate young boy. Pip strives to become his dream fantasy; a gleaming, bright gentleman and to do that he must overcome many things. Firstly, Pip can barely read or write, â€Å"I struggled through the alphabet as if it had been a bramble bush,† this just adds emphasis on the true lowness of Pip’s class as only the rich got educated while the poor got overlooked. The children of the aristocracy had a privileged life; they had rich clothes and many toys. Typically, their father had to be obeyed and feared. Manners were considered very important: the children had to be well spoken and only speak when spoken to. They had to be looked after by a nanny not their mother. The children were taught by a private tutor until they were old enough to go to school, however only boys were allowed to go. Many working class children like Pip, lived in the country, in cottages with their families. They had no school at the beginning of the Victorian era as children had to work to help their parents. A number of families then considered moving to towns to get jobs. Town children lived in overcrowded streets which quickly became slums; children had to share one bed or sleep on the floor; they had a bad diet and dressed badly. They were prone to diseases such as, smallpox, measles, diphtheria and tuberculosis. These children worked in local mines, factories or as chimney sweepers. This shows us the different lifestyles of the rich and the poor and how unfairly the poor were treated. In the opening scene of the novel, Pip is discovered sitting by his parents’ grave from which we learn that he is an orphan. From this perspective the reader can see just how far Pip will have to climb to achieve the status of a ‘gentleman’. In typical Bildungsroman style, our sympathies for the main character are aroused by the pathos of the scene. However, it is not all tears. There is also humour, for example, where Pip recalls his belief that his five brothers, â€Å"†¦ had all been born on their backs with their hands in their trousers-pockets, and had never taken them out in this state of existence. † The reader is lulled into a state of contemplative pity at the plight of the â€Å"†¦ bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all. † This atmosphere is brutally shattered by the appearance of the escaped convict, a figure nevertheless more comic than truly terrifying, and one who will later help Pip achieve his dreams of social improvement. Thus, Dickens exploits the comedic as well as the tragic potential of the characters and settings in his writing to develop the theme of class. This is also evident in the visits to Satis House. At the beginning of the novel we find out that Pip is illiterate, for example he says: â€Å"I fell among those thieves, the nine figures, who seems every evening to do something now to disguise themselves and baffle recognition. † This shows that Pip can barely read or write. He does not have a formal education or go to a normal school, but an evening school in the village ran by Mr. Wopsle’s great-aunt; â€Å"much of my unassisted, and more by the help of Biddy. † This shows the readers that Pip has learnt more from Biddy then the school. Pip’s desire for self-improvement is the main reason as to why the novel’s title is ‘Great Expectations’; because he believes that he has the ‘possibility of advancement’ in life, that he has ‘Great Expectations’ about his future. We find out later on in the novel that Pip longs to become a gentleman; in order to do this, he needs an education. From Pip’s first visit to Satis House, we realize the staggering difference between Pip and Miss Havisham’s child, Estella, and how their class and background affect their attitudes towards each other and their views on society and life overall. The setting of Satis House flabbergasts Pip so much, he can barely explain everything around him, â€Å"satins, and lace, and silks all of white†¦ † The description brings to mind a very rich, selfish and stagnant person which is how Dickens represents all the rich and upper-class people. Pip is confused of how to prepare himself for his first visit to Satis House, â€Å"I was not at ease regarding the manner in which I should acquaint myself under that lady’s roof. † This shows that the poor scarcely get in contact with the rich and are bewildered with how to present them. On the other hand, Estella proudly calls Pip by the name â€Å"boy† and mocks his clothes which in turn makes Pip realise his â€Å"lower class† so he therefore begins to clean and pamper himself after the suffering. Dickens builds up tension by describing Satis House as decayed which is a reflection of Miss Havisham’s odd personality and it’s a bit bias to be honest, because all Dickens’ fantasies about the rich being evil, rude and a bit crazy are fitted into one character especially and her house. One time, Miss Havisham questions Pip in such a way at one point, that he gets scared out of his wits and his answers to her spiteful questions are all monosyllabic, â€Å"who is it? † â€Å"Pip†¦ † In essence, Dickens’ disrespect to the upper-class is such, that he represents them all in one lady that is so low, she bully’s innocent little boys and makes them feel ashamed for who they are and even makes Pip accept he’s lower then her which one may argue is a good thing as it inspires Pip to greatness later on but is atrocious, giving that status is not all there is to life. Pip only fully realises his lower classed lifestyle when he encounters the prominent Estella. Estella is the elegant, youthful, proud girl raised by Ms Havisham. Dickens juxtaposes the characters of Pip and Estella, by showing the two different worlds they coexist in and the different classes that occupy their worlds, Dickens also tries to symbolise their characters as the higher and lower class of society. Estella symbolises the superior class; this is shown through her beauty, wealth and the confidence that resolves inside her. Pip meets Estella who has contempt for him and his working class background. Estella makes fun out of Pip’s hands and boots by saying: â€Å"what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots! † This proves that there is a big difference between classes. Estella enjoys making Pip fell bad about himself and his social background. The tone Estella uses to speak to Pip is very rude: † ‘Ah! ‘ said the girl, ‘ but you see, she don’t. ‘ † This shows the readers that Estella feels superior to Mr. Pumblechook. Furthermore, it has connotations that state Estella is not afraid to speak to her elders, she thinks she knows what Miss. Havisham is thinking; this depicts how Miss. Havisham has brought her up – to be confident, mean and rude to men. By saying, â€Å"Ah†, she is shown to believe that is better than Pumblechook. However, saying, â€Å"but you see, she don’t†, shows that she is not really upper class because she uses slang unlike an upper class person usually would not do. Estella tries to be upper class but she is betrayed by her lower class language. Readers are invited to believe that she wants to be upper class because she likes looking down on others. Pip reacts in an odd manner. Estella continually uses â€Å"boy† to address Pip but he addresses her by â€Å"miss†. This juxtaposition shows us that Estella thinks it is appropriate to be disrespectful to Pip as he is unimportant because of his class, whereas Pip is shown to have respect for her. This could be because he thinks that Estella is more important because of her upper class background or whether it is because of his upbringing – Mrs Joe and Joe taught him to respect everyone no matter what class they are. Pip is shown to have desire towards Estella; â€Å"returned the young lady, who was pretty and seemed very proud. † This shows that Pip already has affection towards her. Furthermore, he already shows that he s interested in her. Later on in the novel, Pip is asked by Miss. Havisham, what he thinks of Estella; to which Pip replies, â€Å"I think she is very pretty. † This again shows that Pip has feelings of desire for Estella, though they have only just met. After Pips visit to Satis House Pip notices the difference between upper class and working class, between him and Estella. He hates the difference and he wants to be a gentleman not a blacksmith. Pip thinks that if he has any chance with Estella he has to become a stereotypical upper class man. Pip’s mind has no become poisoned with Estella’s words and even though he is not yet an upper class person he is beginning to think like one. His attitudes towards Joe have changed. This is where Pip’s transformation begins to take place and from here the title of the novel comes into the picture. The expectations he wishes to achieve are great. From this chapter we can see the separation between the rich and poor. I think the message Dickens was trying to pass on to the readers of this novel was that, much poverty existed in the world, and even though the rich and the poor lived so close together in the world, they lives were worlds apart. I think Dickens own life experiences informed this viewpoint. Just as Pip, Dickens lived both lower and higher class lifestyle. As a child he was poor and had to work for a living so he was able to experience how it was to live the life of struggle and poverty, however when he grew up he became a writer and had a higher class lifestyle being able to observe how close rich and poor lived, but with such different lives. I think that Dickens had sympathy for the both the higher and lower class people. He had sympathy for the poor because they had to struggle to survive and had to work very hard for such things as money and food to feed the mouths of their families. Conversely I think he felt sympathy for the higher class also, he showed this through Ms Havisham and Satis House. We can see that he has sympathy for the rich as Dickens makes Satis House like a prison and Ms Havisham like a sad old hag that exists inside the walls of the prison, he is also showing the reader that even though she is rich and has money she is sad and imprisoned within her home and her sorrows, I think this is how many higher class people and families lives feel, so this is why he feels sympathy towards them. The bildungsroman genre is a story in where a character grows up and has higher understanding of the world. Pip’s visit to Satis House fits perfectly into the bildungsroman genre, this is due to the fact that after Pips visit to Satis House he grows up, not necessarily in age but he grows up inside; he becomes more mature and also gets a higher understanding of his class and place in society. The Visit to Satis House also reveals that in this world, materialism is a very common trait that presides in the hearts of all individuals, hearts which can forget their closest friends and even family for a chance at an elevated class in life. Finally Dickens is also leaving his final message that you don’t need all the riches to become an ethical person leading a prosperous life. This is the thought that Dickens wishes is engraved in the minds of all who read the novel.

First Five Years/ Descriptive Essay Essay

I was born on the island of Sao Miguel, Azores which is part of Portugal. Sao Miguel is also known as â€Å"Green Island† due to its lush meadow landscape, rain forests and waterfalls. I was blessed in being born to Eduardo & Olga Pereira. The story begins with my father; he entered the military â€Å"Army† as soon as he was of legal age. My mother was a live-in nanny for a wealthy family who lived in a white house on the hillside overlooking the city. She has told me how she loved being a nanny for the little boy who was called Roberto Reis. She often talks about the family because she has found memories of caring for the little boy. Also, being of a young age of 15 the family cared for her as one of their own children. This was the beginning to how my parents met. According to dad he was walking one day down a cobblestone road and spotted my mother on the grey iron veranda†¦ she was wearing a white dress, slim with long dark hair and very pretty and holding the l ittle boy. He tried talking to my mom at the time but she said she couldn’t be bothered. At least that’s how she tells the story. Nonetheless he started walking by every day at high noon in hopes of talking and courting my mom from the veranda. The family that she worked for had strict family values when it came to respecting someone’s daughter. The father figure in the house†¦said to my dad, Olga lives underneath our roof so I’m held accountable for her safety and well-being. She is a part of our family so I expect only honorable intentions. My dad respectfully informed him, his interest were for a long-term commitment. A couple of years later my father and mother got married and I came along shortly a year later. When I turned 2yrs of age my mother told me the story of how my maternal grandmother told her that she would not watch me again because I’d given her a heart attack. It seems that I was fond of kittens so I apparently saw one outside and decided to follow it right to a 2ft rock wall which I climbed and began crawling towards the orange colored kitten. When my grandmother finally noticed me she’d just about had a heart attack because behind that wall was 25 foot drop over rocks into grapevines. She slowly and carefully walked slowly calling my name to come to her and get off the wall. As she inched her way close enough she grabbed me and held so tight. She was just so  thankful that nothing happened to me. So as I stated earlier no more quality time at vovo’s house for me without my mom being present and accounted for. Once I reached 2  ½ years of age is when my parents and I migrated to the United States of America in April 1971. The â€Å"American Dream† is what my parents were in pursuit of which led them to the City of Fall My father’s sister lived here with her husband and children. It was very early on as to the goals my parents had set for themselves. My dad was a carpenter and built sailing yachts, and mom worked in a mill as a sewing machine operator. It was all about working hard and long hours and saving money to buy a car and then a house. Both parents didn’t go to college in Portugal but had enough education to reach the goals they set for themselves. I remember we always had everything we needed at least that’s what they showed growing up. The culture Roman Catholic was an enormous part of life. Going to church weekly and participation in church functions â€Å"The Feast of Our Lady of Health† were celebrated every August. The church held Saturday night dinner dances the men wore casual bell bottom pants and women wore white gogo boots†¦..it was all for raising money for the church often usually once a month as well as the New Year Party which brought the parishioner’s together to celebrate the new coming year. I was enrolled at SS Peter and Paul School. Learning Religion was very important to my parents. One memory in the 2nd grades I remember was the annual Halloween party at school. The PTA would decorate the hall with black and orange streamers and setup a witch’s cauldron with smoke coming out of it and we would bob for apples and get tricks or treat bags. It was such fun. I also enjoyed when we did fundraisers at school I liked bringing home the huge boxed kits full of items to show and sell on tracking sheet. I would constantly take items out and repack them I remember enjoying to the touch, the feel of things and even the smell of these little blue car erasers. I was so proud of selling my items I was known as the little brown haired girl who was assertive in selling all the different trinkets. I remember long ago how my parent’s friends would many times say to me â€Å"How time passes so quickly with respect to growth and time â€Å" I didn’t realize  how many fond memories I had of my early childhood until today. As I finish this essay the sun is shining bright yellow and my background music is calm meditation.

Project planning, management and control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project planning, management and control - Essay Example Project control Ð °t the senior mÐ °nÐ °gement level consists of evÐ °luÐ °ting Ð °nd responding to formÐ °l Project StÐ °tus Reports prepÐ °red by the project teÐ °m. These reports detÐ °il the overÐ °ll progress of the project with speciÐ °l Ð °ttention pÐ °id to production delÐ °ys or budget overruns thÐ °t might jeopÐ °rdize contrÐ °ctuÐ °l Ð °greements. The reports Ð °ssist senior mÐ °nÐ °gement in determining when expenditures on Ð ° pÐ °rticulÐ °r project Ð °re no longer profitÐ °ble Ð °nd should be terminÐ °ted. Depending on the level of mÐ °nÐ °gement control, stÐ °tus reports mÐ °y prompt senior mÐ °nÐ °gers to provide Ð °dditionÐ °l funding, direction, or clÐ °rificÐ °tion to the project teÐ °m. In contrÐ °st, project control Ð °t the operÐ °tionÐ °l level is driven by Ð ° need to determine how successful the teÐ °m hÐ °s been in Ð °chieving specific plÐ °nned objectives Ð °nd by Ð ° need to Ð °ssist in the coordinÐ °tion of complex Ð °nd interrelÐ °ted Ð °ctions. The project teÐ °m monitors the progress of eÐ °ch Ð °ctivity, tÐ °king corrective Ð °ction when Ð °ctivities Ð °re shown to be delÐ °yed or drifting (Spinner, 1992). Knutson Ð °nd Bitz (1991) list five stÐ °ges of the operÐ °tionÐ °l project control process: Time, cost, Ð °nd performÐ °nce form the bÐ °sis for the operÐ °ting chÐ °rÐ °cteristics of Ð ° project. These fÐ °ctors help to determine the bÐ °sis for project control. Project control is the process of reducing the deviÐ °tion between Ð °ctuÐ °l performÐ °nce Ð °nd plÐ °nned performÐ °nce. MeÐ °surements Ð °re tÐ °ken on eÐ °ch of the three project constrÐ °ints of time, performÐ °nce, Ð °nd cost. Cost Control. TÐ °king the process one step further, cost control reports compÐ °re scheduled expenditures to Ð °ctuÐ °l expenditures. The purpose of these reports, which Ð °re usuÐ °lly prepÐ °red by finÐ °nciÐ °l plÐ °nners, is to identify or predict possible cost overruns. If Ð ° cost overrun is likely, Ð ° request for

Religions in the Modern World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religions in the Modern World - Essay Example In his desperate search for a reason to hope, for a reason to believe in a better life now and in the hereafter, man has for time immemorial made recourse to the guidance of a supreme being. He has expressed his belief in this being through diverse forms of worship known as religions. Antiquity had its religions. No period in human history has probably ever witnessed a boom in religions like the modern era. There has been the birth of thousands of religions in the last century, each religion vying for adepts. In an analysis of the number of adherents of the major religions of the contemporary world, the Religious Tolerance website makes allusion to David Barret et al, editors of the â€Å"World Christian Encyclopedia†. According to the editors’ Comparative survey of churches and religions AD 30 to 2200, â€Å"there are 19 major world religions which are subdivided into a total of 270 large religious groups, and many smaller ones. 34,000 separate Christian groups have been identified in the world." According to the same web source, Christianity has the largest (but declining) membership, be it 2,039 million adherents. Islam follows trail with 1,226 million adepts and is a growing religion. Judaism counts 14 million members world wide. Wicca is the smallest religion with only 0, 5 million members. It is interesting to note that the source informs of 775 million persons with no religion. It may not be an overstatement to say that aside Christianity and Islam no other religion has ever attained the degree of fame Judaism has attained, especially in the last century and more so in the last two decades. This is certainly because Judaism is linked to the Jewish nation. This nation has been the object of several controversies. She is the hot pot of political tensions in the Middle East. The Jews or the Israelites believe in their divine right to the land of Palestine. The United Nations (UN) and the Zionists created the state of Israel on 29.11.1947 (E:/theorcracywatch.org/Christian_zionism_israel_forms.htm) Your last name 2. Peace has never existed between the Israelis and the Palestinians since that date. But the Israeli determination to ensure their sovereignty is more than firm. The source of this unshakeable resolve to ensure their autonomy, aside being backed by the constant support of the Zionist is rooted in the historical background of the Jews presented in the Old Testament of the Holy Bible. In one of his works, Professor S. D. Kunin of the Department of Theology and Religion of the University of Durham wrote; "The biblical depiction of God's promise of the land clearly provided a strong religious and emotional tie to specific geographical location, and continues to provide political and religious motivations for many Zionists" (Kunin). It is interesting to discover the link between religion, sovereignty and territory. The biblical depiction mentioned by Kunin is embedded in what is known as the covenant myth. The rediscovery of this myth in the last two decades by the Jews has added more force to the emotional, religious and political ties mentioned by Kunin. Due to this discovery, the Zionists have had more reason to affirm the right of the Jewish nation to be situated where it is today. A criticism of Kunin's statement would necessitate an eminent discussion of the covenant myth and its rediscovery as well as the role of the Zionists in the Jewish nation before any judgement can be made of the merits of that assertion. Judaism, Jewish politics, Jewish social life and culture all draw their origins and inspirations from the old Testament of the Bible. It probably started with the covenant God made with Abraham. (Genesis 12.) Daniel J. Elazar, explaining the rediscovery of the covenant myth in an article entitled; "Covenant as the Basis of the Jewish Political Tradition" published on the Jerusalem Centre for Political Affairs website states clearly states that, "the covenant is as much a